{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:57:37Z","timestamp":1768996657260,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B-1543386-2022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-1543386-2022-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An inactivated whole-virus vaccine is currently used to prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Although this vaccine is effective, it offers short-term immunity that requires regular booster immunizations and has several side effects, including local reactions at the vaccination site. To address these limitations, herein, we evaluated the efficacy of bestatin as a novel small molecule adjuvant for inactivated FMD vaccines. Our findings showed that the FMD vaccine formulated with bestatin enhanced early, intermediate-, and particularly long-term immunity in experimental animals (mice) and target animals (pigs). Furthermore, cytokines (interferon (IFN)\u03b1, IFN\u03b2, IFN\u03b3, and interleukin (IL)-29), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, and T-cell and B-cell core receptors (cluster of differentiation (CD)28, CD19, CD21, and CD81) markedly increased in the group that received the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with bestatin in pigs compared with the control. These results indicate the significant potential of bestatin to improve the efficacy of inactivated FMD vaccines in terms of immunomodulatory function for the simultaneous induction of potent cellular and humoral immune response and a long-lasting memory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11111690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T14:51:01Z","timestamp":1699109461000},"page":"1690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bestatin, A Pluripotent Immunomodulatory Small Molecule, Drives Robust and Long-Lasting Immune Responses as an Adjuvant in Viral Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1559-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeong Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9714-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi-Kyeong","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So Hui","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seokwon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Ja","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571509","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.571509","article-title":"Virus-host interactions in foot-and-mouth disease virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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