{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:33:05Z","timestamp":1776274385038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67015-29814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67015-29815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IND020164H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND020164H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"OARDC, The Ohio State University","award":["2019-67015-29814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29814"]}]},{"name":"OARDC, The Ohio State University","award":["2019-67015-29815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29815"]}]},{"name":"OARDC, The Ohio State University","award":["IND020164H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND020164H"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["2019-67015-29814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29814"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["2019-67015-29815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29815"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["IND020164H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND020164H"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swine influenza A viruses (SwIAVs) are pathogens of both veterinary and medical significance. Intranasal (IN) vaccination has the potential to reduce flu infection. We investigated the efficacy of split SwIAV H1N2 antigens adsorbed with a plant origin nanoparticle adjuvant [Nano11\u2013SwIAV] or in combination with a STING agonist ADU-S100 [NanoS100\u2013SwIAV]. Conventional pigs were vaccinated via IN and challenged with a heterologous SwIAV H1N1-OH7 or 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus. Immunologically, in NanoS100\u2013SwIAV vaccinates, we observed enhanced frequencies of activated monocytes in the blood of the pandemic virus challenged animals\u00a0and in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) of H1N1-OH7 challenged animals. In both groups of the virus challenged pigs, increased frequencies of IL-17A+ and CD49d+IL-17A+ cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed in Nano11\u2013SwIAV vaccinates in the draining TBLN. Enhanced frequency of CD49d+IFN\u03b3+ CTLs in the TBLN and blood of both the Nano11-based SwIAV vaccinates was observed. Animals vaccinated with both Nano11-based vaccines had upregulated cross-reactive secretory IgA in the lungs and serum IgG against heterologous and heterosubtypic viruses. However, in NanoS100\u2013SwIAV vaccinates, a slight early reduction in the H1N1 pandemic virus and a late reduction in the SwIAV H1N1-OH7 load in the nasal passages were detected. Hence, despite vast genetic differences between the vaccine and both the challenge viruses, IN vaccination with NanoS100\u2013SwIAV induced antigen-specific moderate levels of cross-protective immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11111707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1699592696000},"page":"1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of the Efficacy of a Split Swine Influenza A Virus Nasal Vaccine Formulated with a Nanoparticle\/STING Agonist Combination Adjuvant in Conventional Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9849-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veerupaxagouda","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0798-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F.","family":"Hernandez-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesh","family":"Yadagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Bugybayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Dolatyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ninoshkaly","family":"Feliciano-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Schrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raksha","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Research Institute in Doha, Qatar University, QU-NRC, Building H10, Zone 5, Room D101, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2738-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harm","family":"HogenEsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gourapura J.","family":"Renukaradhya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038737","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038737","article-title":"Swine Influenza A Viruses and the Tangled Relationship with Humans","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198118","article-title":"Swine influenza virus: Current status and challenge","volume":"288","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-1988OC","article-title":"Natural T Cell-mediated Protection against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza. Results of the Flu Watch Cohort Study","volume":"191","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007270107","article-title":"Cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell immunity between the pandemic H1N1-2009 and H1N1-1918 influenza A viruses","volume":"107","author":"Gras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11690","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.24.11690-11696.2000","article-title":"Profound protection against respiratory challenge with a lethal H7N7 influenza A virus by increasing the magnitude of CD8(+) T-cell memory","volume":"74","author":"Christensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1086\/498980","article-title":"Prior H1N1 influenza infection and susceptibility of Cleveland Family Study participants during the H2N2 pandemic of 1957: An experiment of nature","volume":"193","author":"Epstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5161","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02694-07","article-title":"Cross-recognition of avian H5N1 influenza virus by human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte populations directed to human influenza A virus","volume":"82","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3478","article-title":"Memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection cross-react with avian influenza A (H5N1) in healthy individuals","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502632","article-title":"Aerosol Delivery of a Candidate Universal Influenza Vaccine Reduces Viral Load in Pigs Challenged with Pandemic H1N1 Virus","volume":"196","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0712-5","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs","volume":"50","author":"Dhakal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119744","article-title":"Revolutionizing polymer-based nanoparticle-linked vaccines for targeting respiratory viruses: A perspective","volume":"280","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00022","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines Against Respiratory Viruses","volume":"10","author":"Gauthier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858321","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.858321","article-title":"Alpha-D-glucan-based vaccine adjuvants: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718966","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.718966","article-title":"Corrigendum: Key Determinants of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses: A Randomized Trial of High Dose vs. Standard Dose Split-Virus Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults","volume":"2","author":"Verschoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagar, L.E., Rosella, L., Crowcroft, N., Lowcock, B., Drohomyrecky, P.C., Foisy, J., Gubbay, J., Rebbapragada, A., Winter, A.L., and Achonu, C. (2011). Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to pandemic H1N1 influenza in a Canadian cohort one year post-pandemic: Implications for vaccination. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028063"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chotpitayasunondh, T., Thisyakorn, U., Pancharoen, C., Pepin, S., and Nougarede, N. (2008). Safety, humoral and cell mediated immune responses to two formulations of an inactivated, split-virion influenza A\/H5N1 vaccine in children. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004028"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, V., Hernandez-Franco, J.F., Yadagiri, G., Bugybayeva, D., Dolatyabi, S., Feliciano-Ruiz, N., Schrock, J., Hanson, J., Ngunjiri, J., and HogenEsch, H. (2022). A split influenza vaccine formulated with a combination adjuvant composed of alpha-D-glucan nanoparticles and a STING agonist elicits cross-protective immunity in pigs. J. Nanobiotechnol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01741-x"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15014-3","article-title":"Safety and antigenicity of whole virus and subunit influenza A\/Hong Kong\/1073\/99 (H9N2) vaccine in healthy adults: Phase I randomised trial","volume":"362","author":"Stephenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.07.115","article-title":"The Split Virus Influenza Vaccine rapidly activates immune cells through Fcgamma receptors","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.014","article-title":"Identification of swine H1N2\/pandemic H1N1 reassortant influenza virus in pigs, United States","volume":"158","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.04.028","article-title":"Characterization of triple reassortant H1N1 influenza A viruses from swine in Ohio","volume":"139","author":"Yassine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08157","article-title":"Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"459","author":"Neumann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-4-129","article-title":"Interspecies and intraspecies transmission of triple reassortant H3N2 influenza A viruses","volume":"4","author":"Yassine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000703","article-title":"Effective and Safe Stimulation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity by Intradermal Immunization with a Cyclic Dinucleotide\/Nanoparticle Combination Adjuvant","volume":"206","author":"Mosley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.12.039","article-title":"Biodegradable nanoparticle delivery of inactivated swine influenza virus vaccine provides heterologous cell-mediated immune response in pigs","volume":"247","author":"Dhakal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600672","article-title":"Characterization and Transcriptomic Analysis of Porcine Blood Conventional and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Reveals Striking Species-Specific Differences","volume":"197","author":"Auray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553859","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.553859","article-title":"Development of Pig Conventional Dendritic Cells From Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1998.00336.x","article-title":"Differential adhesion molecule expression on porcine mononuclear cell populations","volume":"47","author":"Arriens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160748","article-title":"WildHealthNet: Supporting the development of sustainable wildlife health surveillance networks in Southeast Asia","volume":"863","author":"Pruvot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.12.002","article-title":"CXCL10 and autoimmune diseases","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.2.585-594.2004","article-title":"CXC chemokine ligand 10 controls viral infection in the central nervous system: Evidence for a role in innate immune response through recruitment and activation of natural killer cells","volume":"78","author":"Trifilo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01643","article-title":"Current Concepts of Antigen Cross-Presentation","volume":"9","author":"Embgenbroich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11210","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01211-10","article-title":"Swine influenza H1N1 virus induces acute inflammatory immune responses in pig lungs: A potential animal model for human H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"84","author":"Khatri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-11-2697","article-title":"Respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza A virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Heinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.014480-0","article-title":"Pathogenesis and transmission of the novel swine-origin influenza virus A\/H1N1 after experimental infection of pigs","volume":"90","author":"Lange","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9364","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01211-16","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Infection in Pigs Attracts Multifunctional and Cross-Reactive T Cells to the Lung","volume":"90","author":"Talker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300954","article-title":"Protective CD8 T cell-mediated immunity against influenza A virus infection following influenza virus-like particle vaccination","volume":"191","author":"Hemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501637","article-title":"A Novel Vaccination Strategy Mediating the Induction of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells Confers Heterosubtypic Immunity against Future Pandemic Influenza Virus","volume":"196","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24394-z","article-title":"Extensive T cell cross-reactivity between diverse seasonal influenza strains in the ferret model","volume":"8","author":"Reber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.1110","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis synovial stromal cells inhibit apoptosis and up-regulate Bcl-xL expression by B cells in a CD49\/CD29-CD106-dependent mechanism","volume":"164","author":"Hayashida","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.8.3760","article-title":"Adhesion through the LFA-1 (CD11a\/CD18)-ICAM-1 (CD54) and the VLA-4 (CD49d)-VCAM-1 (CD106) pathways prevents apoptosis of germinal center B cells","volume":"152","author":"Koopman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189801","article-title":"c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon response","volume":"328","author":"Woodward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100088","article-title":"MPYS is required for IFN response factor 3 activation and type I IFN production in the response of cultured phagocytes to bacterial second messengers cyclic-di-AMP and cyclic-di-GMP","volume":"187","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"12","article-title":"Broadly Protective CD8(+) T Cell Immunity to Highly Conserved Epitopes Elicited by Heat Shock Protein gp96-Adjuvanted Influenza Monovalent Split Vaccine","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkeborn, T., Brave, A., Larsson, M., Akerlind, B., Schroder, U., and Hinkula, J. (2013). Endocine, N3OA and N3OASq; three mucosal adjuvants that enhance the immune response to nasal influenza vaccination. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070527"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.040","article-title":"Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after immunization with trivalent influenza vaccine adjuvanted with cationic liposomes","volume":"29","author":"Rosenkrands","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0148-2","article-title":"Selective delipidation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG enables direct pulmonary vaccination and enhances protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Moliva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, A.K., Bangert, M., Gritzfeld, J.F., Ferreira, D.M., Jambo, K.C., Wright, A.D., Collins, A.M., and Gordon, S.B. (2013). Experimental human pneumococcal carriage augments IL-17A-dependent T-cell defence of the lung. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003274"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0264-2","article-title":"F4+ ETEC infection and oral immunization with F4 fimbriae elicits an IL-17-dominated immune response","volume":"46","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1379396","article-title":"Vaccine approaches conferring cross-protection against influenza viruses","volume":"16","author":"Vemula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1565269","article-title":"The use of cell-mediated immunity for the evaluation of influenza vaccines: An upcoming necessity","volume":"15","author":"Gianchecchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716296","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.716296","article-title":"Editorial: Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Subiza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/11\/1707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:20:54Z","timestamp":1760131254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/11\/11\/1707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines11111707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11111707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]}}}