{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:39:49Z","timestamp":1794037189390,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The variation in the reported vaccine safety and effectiveness could contribute to the high rates of vaccine hesitancy among the general population and healthcare workers in areas where monkeypox (mpox) is circulating. In this review, our objective was to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, effectiveness, and efficacy of the mpox vaccines. Methods: An extensive search for articles across multiple databases was performed, including searching six databases (PubMed Central, PubMed Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest), two pre-print databases (European PMC Preprint and MedRxiv), and Google Scholar. Results: A total of 4290 citations were retrieved from the included databases. Following the removal of duplicates and the initial screening of records, a total of 36 studies were included into the analysis. Additionally, we identified five more studies through manual searches, resulting in a total of 41 eligible articles for qualitative synthesis. The study findings revealed that mpox vaccines demonstrate the ability to generate adequate antibodies; however, their effectiveness may decrease over time, exhibiting varying safety profiles. Most of the included studies consistently reported substantial levels of effectiveness and efficacy against mpox. Interestingly, the number of vaccine doses administered was found to influence the degree of immunogenicity, subsequently impacting the overall effectiveness and efficacy of the vaccines. Furthermore, we found that smallpox vaccines exhibited a form of cross-protection against mpox. Conclusions: Vaccines can be used to prevent mpox and effectively control its spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11111708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1699592696000},"page":"1708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Systematic Review on the Efficacy, Effectiveness, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Monkeypox Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7611-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramy Mohamed","family":"Ghazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8700-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab","family":"Elrewany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2155-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assem","family":"Gebreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rony","family":"ElMakhzangy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9807-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noha","family":"Fadl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0419-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Hassan","family":"Elbanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Administration and Behavioral Sciences Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6640-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Division, Ministry of Health and Population, Faiyum City 63723, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsayed Mohamed","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0368-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naglaa","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem","family":"Abosheaishaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst, NY 11373, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7567-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsayed Eldeeb Mehana","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5673-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyad Elsayed Eldeeb","family":"Mehana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7850-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Saad","family":"Al Zomia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raad Ahmed","family":"A Alnami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad Ali Saeed","family":"Salma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Saleh","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Fayez","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2735-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Administration, Alexandria Directorate of Health Affairs, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"},{"name":"Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"Master of Medical Science in Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, G.P., Rodrigues, R.A.L., Lima, M.T., Drumond, B.P., and Abrah\u00e3o, J.S. 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