{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:49:23Z","timestamp":1789681763725,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M3E5D9080660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M3E5D9080660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system, specifically the motor system. It is mainly caused by the loss of dopamine due to the accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1-syn) protein in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Previous studies have reported that immunization may be a potential preventive strategy for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, the aim of the study was to design an \u03b1-syn specific epitope vaccine and investigate its effect in PD-related pathophysiology using an \u03b1-syn-induced mouse model. We used an in silico model to identify and design a non-toxic \u03b1-syn-based peptide epitope vaccine and, to overcome poor immunogenicity, the vaccine was coupled with immunogenic carrier proteins, i.e., ovalbumin (OVA) and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Our results showed that vaccinated PD mouse models, especially with vaccines with carrier proteins, improved in motor functions compared with the non-vaccinated PD model. Additionally, the vaccinated groups showed increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the spleen and plasma as well as decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in the plasma. Furthermore, vaccinated groups, especially OVA and KLH groups, showed decrease in \u03b1-syn levels and increased dopamine-related markers, i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vesicle monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine transporter (DAT), and autophagy activities in the striatum and SNpc. Lastly, our data showed decreased neuroinflammation by reducing the activation of microglia and astrocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the immunized groups, especially with OVA and KLH carrier proteins. Overall, these results suggest that vaccination, especially with immunogenic carrier proteins, is effective in reducing the accumulation of \u03b1-syn aggregates in the brain and ameliorate PD-related pathophysiology. Hence, further development of this approach might have a potential role in preventing the development of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T11:27:06Z","timestamp":1701775626000},"page":"1820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immunization Effects of a Novel \u03b1-Synuclein-Based Peptide Epitope Vaccine in Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Associated Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jun Sung","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyonghwan","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Hwa","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Ju","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haemato-Oncology\/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O\u2019Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myeong Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Alz-Dementia Korea Co., Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14983","article-title":"Roflupram exerts neuroprotection via activation of CREB\/PGC-1alpha signalling in experimental models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"177","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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