{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:15:09Z","timestamp":1789406109604,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":261,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R&amp;D Program of Guangzhou National Laboratory","award":["SRPG22-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRPG22-006"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program of Guangzhou National Laboratory","award":["82102385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82102385"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRPG22-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRPG22-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82102385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82102385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses have threatened human lives for decades, causing both chronic and acute infections accompanied by mild to severe symptoms. During the long journey of confrontation, humans have developed intricate immune systems to combat viral infections. In parallel, vaccines are invented and administrated to induce strong protective immunity while generating few adverse effects. With advancements in biochemistry and biophysics, different kinds of vaccines in versatile forms have been utilized to prevent virus infections, although the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines are diverse from each other. In this review, we first listed and described major pathogenic viruses and their pandemics that emerged in the past two centuries. Furthermore, we summarized the distinctive characteristics of different antiviral vaccines and adjuvants. Subsequently, in the main body, we reviewed recent advances of nanoparticles in the development of next-generation vaccines against influenza viruses, coronaviruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and many others. Specifically, we described applications of self-assembling protein polymers, virus-like particles, nano-carriers, and nano-adjuvants in antiviral vaccines. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in developing safe and effective mucosal vaccines. Nanoparticle techniques could be promising platforms for developing broad-spectrum, preventive, or therapeutic antiviral vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T02:58:12Z","timestamp":1703645892000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"},{"name":"School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"},{"name":"Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taizhen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4934-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiancai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"},{"name":"School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China"},{"name":"Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01301-0","article-title":"Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases","volume":"27","author":"Excler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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