{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:15:41Z","timestamp":1789470941059,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI059374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI059374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1014146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1014146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculturegrant hatch","award":["AI059374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI059374"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculturegrant hatch","award":["#1014146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1014146"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nucleoprotein (NP) is a vital target for the heterosubtypic immunity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) due to its conservation among influenza virus subtypes. To further enhance the T cell immunity of NP, autophagy-inducing peptide C5 (AIP-C5) from the CFP10 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was used. Mice were immunized intranasally (i.n.) with human adenoviral vectors, HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) or HAd-NP(H7N9), expressing NP of an H7N9 influenza virus with or without the AIP-C5, respectively. Both vaccines developed similar levels of NP-specific systemic and mucosal antibody titers; however, there was a significantly higher number of NP-specific CD8 T cells secreting interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) in the HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) group than in the HAd-NP(H7N9) group. The HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) vaccine provided better protection following the challenge with A\/Puerto Rico\/8\/1934(H1N1), A\/Hong Kong\/1\/68(H3N2), A\/chukkar\/MN\/14951-7\/1998(H5N2), A\/goose\/Nebraska\/17097\/2011(H7N9), or A\/Hong Kong\/1073\/1999(H9N2) influenza viruses compared to the HAd-NP(H7N9) group. The autophagy transcriptomic gene analysis of the HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) group revealed the upregulation of some genes involved in the positive regulation of the autophagy process. The results support further exploring the use of NP and AIP-C5 for developing a universal influenza vaccine for pandemic preparedness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12020157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:24:08Z","timestamp":1706865848000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Development of NP-Based Universal Vaccine for Influenza A Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-6422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekramy E.","family":"Sayedahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly O.","family":"Elshafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1037-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea P.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinnaswamy","family":"Jagannath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suryaprakash","family":"Sambhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh K.","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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