{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:46:23Z","timestamp":1760143583293,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.K. Government","award":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA)","award":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","award":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]},{"name":"EDCTP Senior Fellowship","award":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Develop African Research Leaders (IDeAL)\u2014Wellcome Trust grant","award":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council Developmental Grants","award":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]},{"name":"BigFc project","award":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33","B9R02060","3.2-1184811-KEN-SKP","TMA 2015 SF1001","DEL-15-03","Del-22-012","2021-04072","226669\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria transmission intensity affects the development of naturally acquired immunity to malaria. An absolute correlate measure of protection against malaria is lacking. However, antibody-mediated functions against Plasmodium falciparum correlate with protection against malaria. In children, antibody-mediated functions against P. falciparum decline with reduced exposure. It is unclear whether adults maintain antibody-mediated functions as malaria transmission declines. This study assessed antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB) in individuals from an area with declining malaria transmission. In an age-matched analysis, we compare ADRB activity during high versus low malaria transmission periods. Age significantly predicted higher ADRB activity in the high (p &lt; 0.001) and low (p &lt; 0.001) malaria transmission periods. ADRB activity was higher during the high compared to the low malaria transmission period in older children and adults. Only older adults during the high malaria transmission period had their median ADRB activity above the ADRB cut-off. Ongoing P. falciparum infection influenced ADRB activity during the low (p = 0.01) but not the high (p = 0.29) malaria transmission period. These findings propose that naturally acquired immunity to P. falciparum is affected in children and adults as malaria transmission declines, implying that vaccines will be necessary to induce and maintain protection against malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1708063225000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibody-Dependent Respiratory Burst against Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites in Individuals Living in an Area with Declining Malaria Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen D.","family":"Mutemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tuju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Ogwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Nyamako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kennedy M.","family":"Wambui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivette R.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4r","family":"Villner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Yman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, 118 61 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samson M.","family":"Kinyanjui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"},{"name":"Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK"},{"name":"School of Business Studies, Strathmore University, Nairobi 0200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingegerd","family":"Rooth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Nyamisati Malaria Research Group, Pwani 61621, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9300-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Billy","family":"Ngasala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, International 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