{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1793195193560,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coeliac Australia","award":["APP1176553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1176553"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Grant","award":["APP1176553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1176553"]}]},{"name":"CEPI grant","award":["APP1176553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1176553"]}]},{"name":"Gates Foundation","award":["APP1176553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1176553"]}]},{"name":"Victorian Government\u2019s Operational Infrastructure Support Program","award":["APP1176553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1176553"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with hyposplenism, an acquired impairment of spleen function associated with reduced IgM memory B cells and increased susceptibility to serious pneumococcal infection. Little is known about the immune implications of hyposplenism in CD or the optimal pneumococcal vaccination strategy. In this study, the immune effects of hyposplenism in CD, and the accuracy of screening approaches and protective responses induced by two different pneumococcal vaccines were examined. Active and treated CD cohorts, and healthy and surgically splenectomised controls underwent testing for the presence of Howell\u2013Jolly bodies and pitted red cells, spleen ultrasound, and immune assessment of IgM memory B cell frequency and IgM memory B cell responses to T cell-dependent (TD) or T cell-independent (TI) stimulation. Responses following conjugate (TD) and polysaccharide (TI) pneumococcal vaccination were compared using ELISA and opsonophagocytic assays. Although hyposplenism is rare in treated CD (5.1%), functional B cell defects are common (28\u201361%) and are not detected by current clinical tests. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccination induced superior and sustained protection against clinically relevant serotypes. Clinical practice guidelines in CD should recommend routine pneumococcal vaccination, ideally with a conjugate vaccine, of all patients in lieu of hyposplenism screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12020214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T05:39:56Z","timestamp":1708321196000},"page":"214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impaired IgM Memory B Cell Function Is Common in Coeliac Disease but Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination Induces Robust Protective Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Olivia G.","family":"Moscatelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9272-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy K.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee M.","family":"Henneken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda Y.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Mazarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7476-5266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Ekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1556-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Simkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-6285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul V.","family":"Licciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa L.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-9654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason A.","family":"Tye-Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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