{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:13:07Z","timestamp":1794049987741,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001870","name":"International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAB\/3\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB\/3\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Research Agendas program of the Foundation for Polish Science","award":["MAB\/3\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB\/3\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Union under the European Regional Development Fund","award":["MAB\/3\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB\/3\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The World Health Organization reports that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has impacted a staggering 770 million individuals to date. Despite the widespread nature of this viral infection, its precise effects remain largely elusive. This scientific inquiry aims to shed light on the intricate interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of neurodegenerative disorders\u2014an affliction that weighs heavily on millions worldwide and stands as the fourth most prevalent cause of mortality. By comprehensively understanding the repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 on neurodegenerative disorders, we strive to unravel critical insights that can potentially shape our approach to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of these debilitating conditions. To achieve this goal, we conducted a comprehensive literature review of the scientific data available to date showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with increased risk and severity of neurodegenerative disorders, as well as altered expression of key genes and pathways involved in their pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T04:23:10Z","timestamp":1708489390000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Neurodegenerative Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2263-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Bedran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3086-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Bedran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Kote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2020.04.002","article-title":"Influencia de la infecci\u00f3n SARS-CoV-2 sobre enfermedades neurodegenerativas y neuropsiqui\u00e1tricas: \u00bfuna pandemia demorada?","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05801-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: Current Perspectives","volume":"168","author":"Pattanaik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassin, A., Nawaiseh, M., Shaban, A., Alsherbini, K., El-Salem, K., Soudah, O., and Abu-Rub, M. (2021). Neurological Manifestations and Complications of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Neurol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02161-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01957-4","article-title":"Neurological Consequences of COVID-19: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go from Here?","volume":"17","author":"Jarrahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad008","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disorders Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"146","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.43","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility and COVID-19 Illness Course and Outcome in People with Pre-Existing Neurodegenerative Disorders: Systematic Review with Frequentist and Bayesian Meta-Analyses","volume":"223","author":"Smadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trypsteen, W., Van Cleemput, J., Snippenberg, W.V., Gerlo, S., and Vandekerckhove, L. (2020). On the Whereabouts of SARS-CoV-2 in the Human Body: A Systematic Review. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009037"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01693-6","article-title":"COVID and the Brain: Researchers Zero in on How Damage Occurs","volume":"595","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598128","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.598128","article-title":"Repurposing Treatment of Wernicke\u2013Korsakoff Syndrome for Th-17 Cell Immune Storm Syndrome and Neurological Symptoms in COVID-19: Thiamine Efficacy and Safety, In-Vitro Evidence and Pharmacokinetic Profile","volume":"11","author":"Vatsalya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70017-1","article-title":"Long-Term Cerebral Consequences of Sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Widmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0087OC","article-title":"The NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Required for the Development of Hypoxemia in LPS\/Mechanical Ventilation Acute Lung Injury","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1051-y","article-title":"Hypercapnia Induces IL-1\u03b2 Overproduction via Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome: Implication in Cognitive Impairment in Hypoxemic Adult Rats","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00640-3","article-title":"Immediate and Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 Infections for the Development of Neurological Disease","volume":"12","author":"Heneka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10251-5","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 Patients Admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy","volume":"268","author":"Rifino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S316708","article-title":"The Conundrum of \u2018Long-COVID-19\u02b9: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","article-title":"Neurological Associations of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100163","article-title":"Cognitive Profile Following COVID-19 Infection: Clinical Predictors Leading to Neuropsychological Impairment","volume":"9","author":"Almeria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020972922","article-title":"Stroke in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Nannoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5","article-title":"Olfactory Transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 Invasion as a Port of Central Nervous System Entry in Individuals with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30203-0","article-title":"Psychiatric and Neuropsychiatric Presentations Associated with Severe Coronavirus Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Comparison to the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30462-4","article-title":"Bidirectional Associations between COVID-19 and Psychiatric Disorder: Retrospective Cohort Studies of 62 354 COVID-19 Cases in the USA","volume":"8","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.038","article-title":"Immediate Psychological Distress in Quarantined Patients with COVID-19 and Its Association with Peripheral Inflammation: A Mixed-Method Study","volume":"88","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020959216","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Events and Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The SVIN COVID-19 Multinational Registry","volume":"16","author":"Siegler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573421","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.573421","article-title":"Complications and Pathophysiology of COVID-19 in the Nervous System","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e072981","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072981","article-title":"Long-Term Neurological Complications in COVID-19 Survivors: Study Protocol of a Prospective Cohort Study (NeurodegCoV-19)","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05586-4","article-title":"Long-Term Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19: Prevalence and Predictive Factors","volume":"42","author":"Pilotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e892","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207534","article-title":"Incidence and Long-Term Functional Outcome of Neurologic Disorders in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infected with Pre-Omicron Variants","volume":"101","author":"Beretta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30362-X","article-title":"Neuroimaging Manifestations in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multinational, Multicentre Collaborative Study","volume":"5","author":"Lindan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0504","article-title":"Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome","volume":"78","author":"LaRovere","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15787","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 1 Year in Infants of Mothers Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2 during Pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Edlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909849","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.909849","article-title":"Acute Neurological Presentation in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"10","author":"Riva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662786","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.662786","article-title":"COVID-19, Neuropathology, and Aging: SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Infection, Mechanism, and Associated Complications","volume":"13","author":"Kalra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500","article-title":"How COVID-19 Affects the Brain","volume":"78","author":"Boldrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25855-2","article-title":"Highly Efficient Intercellular Spreading of Protein Misfolding Mediated by Viral Ligand-Receptor Interactions","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM Structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02500-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Neurodegenerative Diseases: What We Know and What We Don\u2019t","volume":"129","author":"Lingor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106230","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020106230","article-title":"SARS -CoV-2 Targets Neurons of 3D Human Brain Organoids","volume":"39","author":"Ramani","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.03.100","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Interactions with Amyloidogenic Proteins: Potential Clues to Neurodegeneration","volume":"554","author":"Idrees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03611-x","article-title":"Advances in Research on ACE2 as a Receptor for 2019-nCoV","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Causes Neuronal Death in the Absence of Encephalitis in Mice Transgenic for Human ACE2","volume":"82","author":"Netland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirschb\u00fchl, K., Dintner, S., Beer, M., Wylezich, C., Schlegel, J., Delbridge, C., Borcherding, L., Lippert, J., Schiele, S., and M\u00fcller, G. (2021). Viral Mapping in COVID-19 Deceased in the Augsburg Autopsy Series of the First Wave: A Multiorgan and Multimethodological Approach. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254872"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30066-5","article-title":"Systematic SARS-CoV-2 Screening in Cerebrospinal Fluid during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Destras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e1060","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The ALBACOVID Registry","volume":"95","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E270","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201933","article-title":"Imaging of Neurologic Disease in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: An Italian Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"297","author":"Mahammedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E223","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202040","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013Associated Diffuse Leukoencephalopathy and Microhemorrhages","volume":"297","author":"Radmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1146","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001146","article-title":"Peripheral Neuropathy Evaluations of Patients with Prolonged Long COVID","volume":"9","author":"Oaklander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2269","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012930","article-title":"Frequency of Neurologic Manifestations in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Misra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e910","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009848","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Inpatients with Neurologic Disease and COVID-19 in Brescia, Lombardy, Italy","volume":"95","author":"Benussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","article-title":"Venous and Arterial Thromboembolic Complications in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to an Academic Hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"191","author":"Lodigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30287-X","article-title":"Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Complications of COVID-19 in 153 Patients: A UK-Wide Surveillance Study","volume":"7","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab168","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab168","article-title":"Spectrum, Risk Factors and Outcomes of Neurological and Psychiatric Complications of COVID-19: A UK-Wide Cross-Sectional Surveillance Study","volume":"3","author":"Hardwick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104392","article-title":"Clinical Patterns, Recovery Time and Prolonged Impact of COVID-19 Illness in International Athletes: The UK Experience","volume":"56","author":"Hull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of Stress, Anxiety, Depression among the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","article-title":"Multiple Organ Infection and the Pathogenesis of SARS","volume":"202","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","article-title":"Neurofilaments as Biomarkers in Neurological Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Is Associated with Changes in Brain Structure in UK Biobank","volume":"604","author":"Douaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28277","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Parkinsonism: A Non-post-encephalitic Case","volume":"35","author":"Faber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12352","article-title":"Dementia Is an Age-independent Risk Factor for Severity and Death in COVID-19 Inpatients","volume":"17","author":"Tahira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215161","article-title":"COVID-19 Case Fatality and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28586","article-title":"Clinical Profiles and Mortality of COVID-19 Inpatients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Germany","volume":"36","author":"Scherbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28554","article-title":"Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases in the LEOSS Cohort","volume":"36","author":"Huber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27373","article-title":"Infection Rate, Mortality and Characteristics of Veterans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with COVID-19","volume":"64","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanella, I., Zacchi, E., Piva, S., Filosto, M., Beligni, G., Alaverdian, D., Amitrano, S., Fava, F., Baldassarri, M., and Frullanti, E. (2021). C9orf72 Intermediate Repeats Confer Genetic Risk for Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Independently of Age. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136991"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417","article-title":"Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms among Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Nasserie","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff, A.W., Haller, B., Demleitner, A.F., Westenberg, E., and Lingor, P. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease from the Perspective of Treating Physicians\u2014A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030353"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05687-w","article-title":"The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia and Carer Mental Health: An International Multicentre Study","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15602","article-title":"Neurological Autoimmune Diseases Following Vaccinations against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV -2): A Follow-up Study","volume":"30","author":"Doubrovinskaia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200063","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200063","article-title":"Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Francis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/3\/222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:14Z","timestamp":1760104934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/3\/222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12030222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12030222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]}}}