{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:22:55Z","timestamp":1789053775747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Wellcome India Alliance Intermediate Career Fellowship in Clinical and Public Health","award":["IA\/CPHI\/18\/1\/503936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHI\/18\/1\/503936"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a global public health concern. Pertussis vaccines have demonstrated good protection against Bordetella pertussis infections, but their effectiveness against Bordetella parapertussis remains debated due to conflicting study outcomes. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effectiveness of pertussis vaccines in protecting children against B. parapertussis infection. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that met inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Results: The meta-analysis, involving 46,533 participants, revealed no significant protective effect of pertussis vaccination against B. parapertussis infection (risk ratio: 1.10, 95% confidence interval: 0.83 to 1.44). Subgroup analyses by vaccine type and study design revealed no significant protection. The dearth of recent data and a limited pool of eligible studies, particularly RCTs, underscore a critical gap that warrants future research in the domain. Conclusions: These findings offer crucial insights into the lack of effectiveness of pertussis vaccines against B. parapertussis. Given the rising incidence of cases and outbreaks, coupled with the lack of cross-protection by the existing vaccines, there is an urgent need to develop vaccines that include specific antigens to protect against B. parapertussis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T06:14:22Z","timestamp":1709100862000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pertussis Vaccines Scarcely Provide Protection against Bordetella parapertussis Infection in Children\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Arun Thachappully","family":"Remesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1401-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalichamy","family":"Alagarasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dengue-Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7645-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santoshkumar","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics & Data Management Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meera","family":"Prabhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajlakshmi","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, August 17). 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