{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:40:40Z","timestamp":1778791240117,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation","award":["#138715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#138715"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation","award":["D134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D134"]}]},{"name":"Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University","award":["#138715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#138715"]}]},{"name":"Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University","award":["D134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D134"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council","award":["#138715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#138715"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council","award":["D134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) have been shown to promote enteric viral infections. This study tested the hypothesis that elevated levels of bacterial LPS improve oral rotavirus vaccine replication in South African infants. Stool samples were collected from infants a week after rotavirus vaccination to identify vaccine virus shedders (n = 43) and non-shedders (n = 35). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assay for selected LPS-rich bacteria, including Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruguinosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, and to measure the gene expression of bacterial LPS, host Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8). The abundance of selected LPS-rich bacteria was significantly higher in vaccine shedders (median log 4.89 CFU\/g, IQR 2.84) compared to non-shedders (median log 3.13 CFU\/g, IQR 2.74), p = 0.006. The TLR4 and IL-8 gene expressions were increased four- and two-fold, respectively, in vaccine shedders versus non-shedders, but no difference was observed in the bacterial LPS expression, p = 0.09. A regression analysis indicated a significant association between the abundance of selected LPS-rich bacteria and vaccine virus shedding (Odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI = 1.10\u20131.89), p = 0.002. The findings suggest that harbouring higher counts of LPS-rich bacteria can increase the oral rotavirus vaccine take in infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:26:59Z","timestamp":1709638019000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Abundance of Selected Lipopolysaccharide-Rich Bacteria and Levels of Toll-like Receptor 4 and Interleukin 8 Expression Are Significantly Associated with Live Attenuated Rotavirus Vaccine Shedding among South African Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lerato P.","family":"Kgosana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit (DPRU), Department of Medical Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mapaseka L.","family":"Seheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit (DPRU), Department of Medical Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4081-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cliff A.","family":"Magwira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diarrheal Pathogens Research Unit (DPRU), Department of Medical Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17083","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.83","article-title":"Rotavirus infection","volume":"3","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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