{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:46:39Z","timestamp":1765547199254,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation","award":["CRC-TR-128","2022_EKCS.10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC-TR-128","2022_EKCS.10"]}]},{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Foundation (EKFS)","award":["CRC-TR-128","2022_EKCS.10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC-TR-128","2022_EKCS.10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapy is needed in people with a chronic neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, MS requires monitoring for and preventing against infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination and anti-viral treatments are, in particular, recommended for elderly people and people at risk of a severe course of infection and of MS. Here, we asked whether repetitive infection or vaccination influenced responses upon receiving high efficacy treatments, namely sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator (S1P) or anti-CD20 B cell antibody (anti-CD20) treatments. We performed a prospective real-world study of people with MS (pwMS) under S1P or anti-CD20 with repetitive exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccine. The measurement of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres was performed by two independent immunoassays after initial immunisation and after booster vaccination or infection. Other laboratory and clinical parameters were included in the analysis of influencing factors. As secondary outcomes, lymphocyte and immunoglobulin levels were observed longitudinally under intravenous and subcutaneous anti-CD20 treatment. In a long-term real-world cohort of 201 pwMS, we found that despite lymphopenia upon S1P drugs, the SARS-CoV-2 immunisation response increased both in selective and non-selective S1P (100% and 88% seroconversion, respectively), whereas those under anti-CD20 therapies merely exhibited a slight long-term increase in antibody titres (52% seroconversion). The latter was independent of immunoglobulin or total lymphocyte levels, which mostly remained stable. If the individual was immunised prior to therapy initiation, their levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remained high under treatment. PwMS under non-selective S1P benefit from repetitive vaccination. The risk of an insufficient vaccination response mirrored by lower SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remains in pwMS receiving anti-CD20 treatment, even after repetitive exposure to the vaccine or virus. Due to the compromised vaccination response in CD20-depleting drugs, prompt antiviral treatment might be necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:14:40Z","timestamp":1710245680000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long-Term Observation of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Response upon High Efficacy Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis\u2014A Real-World Scenario"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muriel","family":"Schraad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Runkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Hitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Protopapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Uphaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1231-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frauke","family":"Zipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00090-0","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19-pandemic on thrombectomy services in Germany","volume":"2","author":"Tiedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. 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Neuroinflamm."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/3\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:12:24Z","timestamp":1760105544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/3\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12030296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12030296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]}}}