{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:43:34Z","timestamp":1793731414126,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACYT (Now CONAHCYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A1-S-43508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-43508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACYT (Now CONAHCYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11481036208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11481036208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"INIFAP","award":["A1-S-43508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-43508"]}]},{"name":"INIFAP","award":["11481036208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11481036208"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine babesiosis, caused by the protozoan Babesia bigemina, is one of the most important hemoparasite diseases of cattle in Mexico and the world. An attenuated B. bigemina strain maintained under in vitro culture conditions has been used as a live attenuated vaccine; however, the biological mechanisms involved in attenuation are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify, through a comparative transcriptomics approach, the components of the B. bigemina virulent parasites that are differentially expressed in vivo, as opposed to those expressed by B. bigemina attenuated vaccine parasites when inoculated into na\u00efve cattle. The biological material under study was obtained by inoculating spleen-intact cattle with infected erythrocytes containing either the attenuated strain or a virulent field strain. After RNA extraction, transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was performed, followed by bioinformatic Differential Expression (DE) analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment. The high-throughput sequencing results obtained by analyzing three biological replicates for each parasite strain ranged from 9,504,000 to 9,656,000, and 13,400,000 to 15,750,000 reads for the B. bigemina attenuated and virulent strains, respectively. At least 519 differentially expressed genes were identified in the analyzed strains. In addition, GO analysis revealed both similarities and differences across the three categories: cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions. The attenuated strain of B. bigemina derived from in vitro culture presents global transcriptomic changes when compared to the virulent strain. Moreover, the obtained data provide insights into the potential molecular mechanisms associated with the attenuation or pathogenicity of each analyzed strain, offering molecular markers that might be associated with virulence or potential vaccine candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:32:30Z","timestamp":1710495150000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Babesia bigemina Attenuated Vaccine and Virulent Strains of Mexican Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rebeca M.","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7671-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciaci\u00f3n Masiva y Bioinform\u00e1tica, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, INIFAP, Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grecia","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7809-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazm\u00edn","family":"Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9177-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Antonio","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s V.","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0476-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciaci\u00f3n Masiva y Bioinform\u00e1tica, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio V.","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","article-title":"Babesiosis of cattle","volume":"4","author":"Bock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Woldemeskel, M. 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