{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:43:42Z","timestamp":1790772222795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KACST fund","award":["ETS-LiU-2020-02-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETS-LiU-2020-02-11"]}]},{"name":"KACST fund","award":["99522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99522"]}]},{"name":"MIIC stipend fund","award":["ETS-LiU-2020-02-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETS-LiU-2020-02-11"]}]},{"name":"MIIC stipend fund","award":["99522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99522"]}]},{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University Library","award":["ETS-LiU-2020-02-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETS-LiU-2020-02-11"]}]},{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University Library","award":["99522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99522"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, vaccine development against different respiratory diseases is at its peak. It is of utmost importance to find suitajble adjuvants that can increase the potency of the vaccine candidates. This study aimed to determine the systemic and splenic immune mechanisms in mice models induced by anionic and cationic lipid adjuvants in the presence of the vaccine-candidate influenza antigen hemagglutinin (HA). In the presence of the HA antigen, the cationic adjuvant (N3) increased conventional dendritic cell 1 (cDC1) abundance with enhanced MHCI and CD80-CD86 costimulatory marker expression, and significantly higher CD8T and Th17 populations with enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN\u03b3) expression in CD8T and CD4T populations. Conversely, the anionic adjuvant (L3) increased the cDC2 population percentage with significantly higher MHCII and DEC205 expression, along with an increase in the CD4T and regulatory T cell populations. The L3-treated group also exhibited higher percentages of activated B and plasma cell populations with significantly higher antigen-specific IgG and IgA titer and virus neutralization potential. While the anionic adjuvant induced significantly higher humoral responses than the cationic adjuvant, the latter influenced a significantly higher Th1\/Th17 response. For customized vaccine development, it is beneficial to have alternative adjuvants that can generate differential immune responses with the same vaccine candidate antigen. This study will aid the selection of adjuvants based on their charges to improve specific immune response arms in the future development of vaccine formulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T10:54:38Z","timestamp":1710759278000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential Immune Response Patterns Induced by Anionic and Cationic Lipid Adjuvants in Intranasal Anti-Influenza Immunization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anirban","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Al-Otaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Saudi Drug and Food Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Devito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HD Immunity, 126 25 Nacka, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Lottersberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1908-5609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma","family":"Hinkula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.07.017","article-title":"Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: Milestones, lessons, and prospects","volume":"54","author":"Bok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Pulendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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