{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:04:01Z","timestamp":1783656241399,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Estatal Investigaci\u00f3n\u201d (Spain)","award":["PCI2020-120684-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2020-120684-2"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal Investigaci\u00f3n\u201d (Spain)","award":["PID2020-117300RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117300RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal Investigaci\u00f3n\u201d (Spain)","award":["ICRAD\/I\/IFNASF\/03\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICRAD\/I\/IFNASF\/03\/2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCI2020-120684-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2020-120684-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-117300RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117300RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICRAD\/I\/IFNASF\/03\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICRAD\/I\/IFNASF\/03\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Careside Co., Ltd.","award":["PCI2020-120684-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2020-120684-2"]}]},{"name":"Careside Co., Ltd.","award":["PID2020-117300RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117300RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Careside Co., Ltd.","award":["ICRAD\/I\/IFNASF\/03\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICRAD\/I\/IFNASF\/03\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent causing African swine fever (ASF), affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, which is currently the biggest animal epidemic in the world and a major threat to the swine sector. At present, some safety concerns about using LAVs against ASFV still exist despite a commercial vaccine licensed in Vietnam. Therefore, the efforts to identify virulence factors and their mechanisms, as well as to generate new vaccine prototypes, are of major interest. In this work, we have identified the MGF505-2R gene product as an inhibitor of the cGAS\/STING pathway, specifically through its interaction with STING protein, controlling IFN-\u03b2 production. In addition, immunization of a recombinant virus lacking this gene, Arm\/07-\u0394MGF505-2R, resulted in complete attenuation, demonstrating its involvement in ASFV virulence. Finally, immunization with Arm\/07-\u0394MGF505-2R induced the generation of antibodies and proved to be partially protective against virulent ASFV strains. These results identify MGF505-2R, as well as its mechanism of action, as a gene contributing to understanding the molecular mechanisms of ASFV virulence, which will be of great value in the design of future vaccine prototypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1712892877000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Deletion of MGF505-2R Gene Activates the cGAS-STING Pathway Leading to Attenuation and Protection against Virulent African Swine Fever Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Sunwoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Belmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2991-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Walczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0933-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Vigara-Astillero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8575-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9844-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzesimir","family":"Szymankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Kochanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7499-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongseob","family":"Tark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Podg\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Revilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0901-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"P\u00e9rez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001049","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Asfarviridae","volume":"99","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13890","article-title":"Joining the club: First detection of African swine fever in wild boar in Germany","volume":"68","author":"Forth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2411.181274","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus, China, 2018","volume":"24","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14070","article-title":"African swine fever in North Sumatra and West Java provinces in 2019 and 2020, Indonesia","volume":"68","author":"Dharmayanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080397","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1080397","article-title":"Complete genome analysis of the African swine fever virus isolated from a wild boar responsible for the first viral outbreak in Korea, 2019","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14536","article-title":"Complete genome analysis of African swine fever virus isolated from domestic pigs during the first ASF outbreaks in India","volume":"69","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14341","article-title":"African swine fever in the Dominican Republic","volume":"68","author":"Gonzales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WOAH (2024, March 04). African Swine Fever (ASF)\u2014Situation Report 27. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/document\/african-swine-fever-asf-situation-report-27\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13132","article-title":"Attenuated and non-haemadsorbing (non-HAD) genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolated in Europe, Latvia 2017","volume":"66","author":"Gallardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-3-513","article-title":"The non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolate ASFV\/NH\/P68 provides a model for defining the protective anti-virus immune response","volume":"82","author":"Leitao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02298-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02298-18","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus Armenia\/07 Virulent Strain Controls Interferon Beta Production through the cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"93","author":"Pittau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0102222","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01022-22","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus EP364R and C129R Target Cyclic GMP-AMP to Inhibit the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway","volume":"96","author":"Dodantenna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186916","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1186916","article-title":"African swine fever virus QP383R dampens type I interferon production by promoting cGAS palmitoylation","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200813","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus HLJ\/18 CD2v Suppresses Type I IFN Production and IFN-Stimulated Genes Expression through Negatively Regulating cGMP-AMP Synthase-STING and IFN Signaling Pathways","volume":"210","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001110","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus MGF-505-7R Negatively Regulates cGAS-STING-Mediated Signaling Pathway","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0079523","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00795-23","article-title":"African swine fever virus B175L inhibits the type I interferon pathway by targeting STING and 2\u20323\u2032-cGAMP","volume":"97","author":"Ranathunga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22934","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202201856R","article-title":"Deletion of MGF-110-9L gene from African swine fever virus weakens autophagic degradation of TBK1 as a mechanism for enhancing type I interferon production","volume":"37","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195721","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01957-21","article-title":"The A137R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Inhibits Type I Interferon Production via the Autophagy-Mediated Lysosomal Degradation of TBK1","volume":"96","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941579","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941579","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus Structural Protein p17 Inhibits cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway Through Interacting With STING","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riera, E., Perez-Nunez, D., Garcia-Belmonte, R., Miorin, L., Garcia-Sastre, A., and Revilla, Y. (2021). African Swine Fever Virus Induces STAT1 and STAT2 Degradation to Counteract IFN-I Signaling. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.722952"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199190","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus pF778R Attenuates Type I Interferon Response by Impeding STAT1 Nuclear Translocation","volume":"335","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0197722","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01977-22","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus MGF505-7R Interacts with Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 to Evade the Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway and Promote Viral Replication","volume":"97","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0194222","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01942-22","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus Cysteine Protease pS273R Inhibits Type I Interferon Signaling by Mediating STAT2 Degradation","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riera, E., Garcia-Belmonte, R., Madrid, R., Perez-Nunez, D., and Revilla, Y. (2022). African swine fever virus ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme pI215L inhibits IFN-I signaling pathway through STAT2 degradation. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1081035"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Yang, B., Shen, C., Zhang, T., Hao, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, H., Shi, X., Li, G., and Yang, J. (2022). MGF360-9L Is a Major Virulence Factor Associated with the African Swine Fever Virus by Antagonizing the JAK\/STAT Signaling Pathway. mBio, 13.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02330-21"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1657-9","article-title":"A seven-gene-deleted African swine fever virus is safe and effective as a live attenuated vaccine in pigs","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.040","article-title":"African swine fever virus (ASFV) protection mediated by NH\/P68 and NH\/P68 recombinant live-attenuated viruses","volume":"36","author":"Gallardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00554-15","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus Georgia Isolate Harboring Deletions of MGF360 and MGF505 Genes Is Attenuated in Swine and Confers Protection against Challenge with Virulent Parental Virus","volume":"89","author":"Holinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01760-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01760-16","article-title":"Simultaneous Deletion of the 9GL and UK Genes from the African Swine Fever Virus Georgia 2007 Isolate Offers Increased Safety and Protection against Homologous Challenge","volume":"91","author":"Risatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.011","article-title":"Deletion of African swine fever virus interferon inhibitors from the genome of a virulent isolate reduces virulence in domestic pigs and induces a protective response","volume":"34","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01428-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01428-17","article-title":"Deletion of the African Swine Fever Virus Gene DP148R Does Not Reduce Virus Replication in Culture but Reduces Virus Virulence in Pigs and Induces High Levels of Protection against Challenge","volume":"91","author":"Reis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02017-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02017-19","article-title":"Development of a Highly Effective African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine by Deletion of the I177L Gene Results in Sterile Immunity against the Current Epidemic Eurasia Strain","volume":"94","author":"Borca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0113921","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01139-21","article-title":"Deletion of the A137R Gene from the Pandemic Strain of African Swine Fever Virus Attenuates the Strain and Offers Protection against the Virulent Pandemic Virus","volume":"95","author":"Gladue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Nunez, D., Sunwoo, S.Y., Garcia-Belmonte, R., Kim, C., Vigara-Astillero, G., Riera, E., Kim, D.M., Jeong, J., Tark, D., and Ko, Y.S. (2022). Recombinant African Swine Fever Virus Arm\/07\/CBM\/c2 Lacking CD2v and A238L Is Attenuated and Protects Pigs against Virulent Korean Paju Strain. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10121992"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14329","article-title":"African swine fever virus vaccine candidate ASFV-G-DeltaI177L efficiently protects European and native pig breeds against circulating Vietnamese field strain","volume":"69","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3291","article-title":"DNA tumor virus oncogenes antagonize the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway","volume":"350","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Nunez, D., Castillo-Rosa, E., Vigara-Astillero, G., Garcia-Belmonte, R., Gallardo, C., and Revilla, Y. (2020). Identification and Isolation of Two Different Subpopulations Within African Swine Fever Virus Arm\/07 Stock. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040625"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01058-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01058-17","article-title":"BA71DeltaCD2: A New Recombinant Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus with Cross-Protective Capabilities","volume":"91","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(82)90034-9","article-title":"Production and titration of African swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Carrascosa","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/cpps.34","article-title":"Preparation of Cell Cultures and Vaccinia Virus Stocks","volume":"89","author":"Cotter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.143","article-title":"Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system","volume":"8","author":"Ran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695","article-title":"A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3","volume":"6","author":"Cingolani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fly"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.052","article-title":"Protection of European domestic pigs from virulent African isolates of African swine fever virus by experimental immunisation","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walczak, M., Zmudzki, J., Mazur-Panasiuk, N., Juszkiewicz, M., and Wozniakowski, G. (2020). Analysis of the Clinical Course of Experimental Infection with Highly Pathogenic African Swine Fever Strain, Isolated from an Outbreak in Poland. Aspects Related to the Disease Suspicion at the Farm Level. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030237"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afe, A.E., Shen, Z.J., Guo, X., Zhou, R., and Li, K. (2023). African Swine Fever Virus Interaction with Host Innate Immune Factors. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061220"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01025-0","article-title":"African swine fever virus MGF360-11L negatively regulates cGAS-STING-mediated inhibition of type I interferon production","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198931","article-title":"African swine fever virus MGF505-7R protein interacted with IRF7and TBK1 to inhibit type I interferon production","volume":"322","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198872","article-title":"African swine fever virus M1249L protein antagonizes type I interferon production via suppressing phosphorylation of TBK1 and degrading IRF3","volume":"319","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Cui, S., Xin, T., Wang, X., Yu, H., Chen, S., Jiang, Y., Gao, X., Jiang, Y., and Guo, X. (2021). African Swine Fever Virus MGF360-14L Negatively Regulates Type I Interferon Signaling by Targeting IRF3. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.818969"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0082421","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00824-21","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus E120R Protein Inhibits Interferon Beta Production by Interacting with IRF3 To Block Its Activation","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Liu, H., Ye, G., Xue, M., Yu, H., Feng, C., Zhou, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, L., and Jiao, S. (2022). African swine fever virus pE301R negatively regulates cGAS-STING signaling pathway by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of IRF3. Vet. Microbiol., 274.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109556"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.08.009","article-title":"African swine fever virus S273R protein antagonizes type I interferon production by interfering with TBK1 and IRF3 interaction","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192322","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01923-22","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus L83L Negatively Regulates the cGAS-STING-Mediated IFN-I Pathway by Recruiting Tollip to Promote STING Autophagic Degradation","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Huang, Q., Wang, R., Zeng, Y., Cheng, M., Xue, Y., Shi, C., Ye, L., Yang, W., and Jiang, Y. (2021). African swine fever virus MGF505-11R inhibits type I interferon production by negatively regulating the cGAS-STING-mediated signaling pathway. Vet. Microbiol., 263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109265"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.11.009","article-title":"Identification of African swine fever virus MGF505-2R as a potent inhibitor of innate immunity in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Song, J., Kang, L., Huang, L., Zhou, S., Hu, L., Zheng, J., Li, C., Zhang, X., and He, X. (2021). pMGF505-7R determines pathogenicity of African swine fever virus infection by inhibiting IL-1beta and type I IFN production. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009733"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-021-00350-6","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus MGF-110-9L-deficient Mutant Has Attenuated Virulence in Pigs","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/4\/407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:26:39Z","timestamp":1760106399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/4\/407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12040407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12040407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]}}}