{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:16:17Z","timestamp":1787764577487,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory","award":["EKPG21-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EKPG21-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), remains a formidable global health challenge, affecting a substantial portion of the world\u2019s population. The current tuberculosis vaccine, bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), offers limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults, underscoring the critical need for innovative vaccination strategies. Cytokines are pivotal in modulating immune responses and have been explored as potential adjuvants to enhance vaccine efficacy. The strategic inclusion of cytokines as adjuvants in tuberculosis vaccines holds significant promise for augmenting vaccine-induced immune responses and strengthening protection against M. tuberculosis. This review delves into promising cytokines, such as Type I interferons (IFNs), Type II IFN, interleukins such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, and IL-21, alongside the use of a granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an adjuvant, which has shown effectiveness in boosting immune responses and enhancing vaccine efficacy in tuberculosis models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12050477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T08:02:22Z","timestamp":1714723342000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Promising Cytokine Adjuvants for Enhancing Tuberculosis Vaccine Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3602-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang-Xin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00763-4","article-title":"Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"Chandra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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