{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:21:32Z","timestamp":1793244092152,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is capable of causing severe neurologic disease in both humans and equines, making it a disease of importance in both human medicine and veterinary medicine. No targeted treatments exist for WNV infection in either humans or equines. Infection is treated symptomatically through management of symptoms like fever and seizures. As treatment for WNV is purely supportive, the response to WNV has focused primarily on methods of disease prevention. To this end, research efforts have yielded several effective vaccines for equine use as well as numerous conventional mosquito control techniques. Even with the implementation of these techniques, disease caused by WNV remains a concern since no human vaccine exists. Due to the lack of a human vaccine, novel preventative strategies are under active research and development. Of these strategies, some of the most conceptually promising are techniques using genetically modified mosquitoes, addressing the disease at the vector level with minimal ecological side effects. Taken together, the use of combined, synergistic methods, such as physical barriers, transgenic mosquitoes, and immunological targets, will be the best way to prevent WNV disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12050485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1714534249000},"page":"485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Vaccination and Control Methods of West Nile Virus Infection in Equids and Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Parker M.","family":"Cendejas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6394-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan G.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-12","article-title":"West Nile Virus: Biology, transmission, and human infection","volume":"25","author":"Colpitts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12888","article-title":"First isolation of West Nile virus in Zambia from mosquitoes","volume":"65","author":"Orba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. 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