{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:40Z","timestamp":1760144740433,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)"},{"name":"Wondfo, Guangzhou Biotech Co., Ltd., China and PT Biofarma Indonesia (Persero)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2-RBD antibody (anti-RBD) prevents severe COVID-19. We aimed to determine the accuracy of a point-of-care anti-RBD testing implemented in persons living with HIV (PLWH), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We enrolled 182 non-comorbid subjects and 335 comorbid subjects (PLWH, SLE, CKD) to test the anti-RBD assay compared to the surrogate viral neutralization test (sVNT) as the reference test. We performed linear correlation analysis between anti-RBD and sVNT, along with an ROC analysis to ascertain the anti-RBD cutoff at 30%, 60%, and 90% inhibition of sVNT, to calculate accuracy. The correlations between anti-RBD and sVNT among all groups were excellent, with R = 0.7903, R = 0.7843, and R = 0.8153 among the non-comorbid, SLE, and CKD groups, respectively, and with significantly higher correlation among the PLWH group (R = 0.8877; p-value = 0.0072) compared to the non-comorbid group. The accuracy of the anti-RBD test among the PLWH and CKD groups was similar to that among the non-comorbid group but showed lower sensitivity in the SLE group (p = 0.000014). The specificity of the test remained high in all groups. In conclusion, the anti-RBD test had excellent correlation with the sVNT. The persistently high specificity in all groups suggests that this test can be reliably utilized to detect the presence of low neutralization capacity, prompting additional vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12050558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1716203201000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accuracy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody in Comparison with Surrogate Viral Neutralization Test in Persons Living with HIV, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marita Restie","family":"Tiara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"},{"name":"Mayapada Hospital Buah Batu, Bandung 40266, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4736-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrisan Bimo","family":"Prayuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara Titian","family":"Maulidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hofiya","family":"Djauhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dadang","family":"Suhendar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Jl. Raya Jakarta\u2014Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Wisaksana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40261, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laniyati","family":"Hamijoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Supriyadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Hypertension Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes Rengga","family":"Indrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"},{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3745-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bachti","family":"Alisjahbana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40261, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.044","article-title":"COVID-19: Transmission, Prevention, and Potential Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"508","author":"Lotfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00690-3","article-title":"What Is the Vaccine Effect on Reducing Transmission in the Context of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant?","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00915-3","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Real-World Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e068632","article-title":"Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines in Immunocompromised Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"376","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31114-9","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Newly Developed Surrogate Virus Neutralization Tests for Detecting Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Kweon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiara, M.R., Djauhari, H., Rachman, F.R., Rettob, A.C., Utami, D., Pulungan, F.C.S., Purwanta, H., Wisaksana, R., Alisjahbana, B., and Indrati, A.R. (2023). Performance of a Point-of-Care Fluorescence Immunoassay Test to Measure the Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 Spike, Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Level. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.01.23297911"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Sasso, B., Giglio, R.V., Vidali, M., Scazzone, C., Bivona, G., Gambino, C.M., Ciaccio, A.M., Agnello, L., and Ciaccio, M. (2021). Evaluation of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG Antibodies after COVID-19 MRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071135"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co. (China) (2019). Result Report on Finecare 2019-NCoV RBD Antibody Test, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.052","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Novel Fluorescent-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) for Rapid Detection and Quantification of Total Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD Binding Antibodies in Infected Individuals","volume":"118","author":"Shurrab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"GenScript (2022). CPass SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Detection Kit Instruction for Use, GenScript."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolesov, D.E., Sinegubova, M.V., Dayanova, L.K., Dolzhikova, I.V., Vorobiev, I.I., and Orlova, N.A. (2022). Fast and Accurate Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Based on Antibody-Mediated Blocking of the Interaction of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020393"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.11.023","article-title":"Long-Term Decay of Anti-RBD IgG Titers after BNT162b2 Vaccination Is Not Mirrored by Loss of Neutralizing Bioactivity against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"524","author":"Malipiero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0631-z","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Based on Antibody-Mediated Blockage of ACE2\u2013Spike Protein\u2013Protein Interaction","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8413","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc8413","article-title":"The Receptor Binding Domain of the Viral Spike Protein Is an Immunodominant and Highly Specific Target of Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Patients","volume":"5","author":"Premkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sariol, C.A., Pantoja, P., Serrano-collazo, C., Rosa-arocho, T., Armina-rodr\u00edguez, A., Cruz, L., Stone, E.T., Arana, T., Climent, C., and Latoni, G. (2021). Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.02.21257975"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100167","article-title":"Clinical and Treatment Factors Associated with the Mortality of COVID-19 Patients Admitted to a Referral Hospital in Indonesia","volume":"11","author":"Hartantri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health-Southeast Asia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.06.008","article-title":"Serologic Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Hemodialysis Centers: A Multicenter Retrospective Study in Wuhan, China","volume":"76","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020060827","article-title":"High Prevalence of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Hemodialysis Patients Detected Using Serologic Screening","volume":"31","author":"Clarke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, C.S., Oh, M.L.H., Phua, S.K., Liang, Y.L., Li, Y., Huo, J., Huang, Y., Zhang, B., Xu, S., and Aw, T.C. (2022). Kinetics of the Neutralizing and Spike SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Following the Sinovac Inactivated Virus Vaccine Compared to the Pfizer MRNA Vaccine in Singapore. Antibodies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib11020038"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muslimah, A.H., Tiara, M.R., Djauhari, H., Dewantara, M.H., Susandi, E., Indrati, A.R., Alisjahbana, B., Soeroto, A.Y., and Wisaksana, R. (2023). High Levels of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Antibodies One Year Post Booster Vaccinations among Hospital Workers in Indonesia: Was the Second Booster Needed?. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.15.23285958"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac579","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac579","article-title":"A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Vaccine Antibody Responses in People with HIV","volume":"9","author":"Chun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41937","article-title":"Evaluation of Immune Response and Disease Status in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination","volume":"74","author":"Izmirly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-023-01110-z","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Pappa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41100-022-00402-x","article-title":"Comparison of Antibody Response Following the Second Dose of SARS-CoV-2 MRNA Vaccine in Elderly Patients with Late-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"8","author":"Matsunami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren. Replace. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres15010028","article-title":"An Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Test and A Comparison to a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test in a COVID-19 Long-Term Follow-Up Cohort","volume":"15","author":"Gillot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/5\/558\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:45:22Z","timestamp":1760107522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/5\/558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12050558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12050558","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]}}}