{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:27:02Z","timestamp":1772832422921,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC Doctoral Training Studentship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M008770\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M008770\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC Doctoral Training Studentship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X502741\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X502741\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MRC Impact Accelerator","award":["BB\/M008770\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M008770\/1"]}]},{"name":"MRC Impact Accelerator","award":["MR\/X502741\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X502741\/1"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC","award":["BB\/M008770\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M008770\/1"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC","award":["MR\/X502741\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X502741\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral vaccines, unlike injected, induce intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) mimicking our natural defense against gut pathogens. We previously observed sIgA responses after administering the Clostridioides difficile colonisation factor CD0873 orally in enteric capsules to hamsters. Enteric-coated capsules are designed to resist dissolution in the stomach and disintegrate only at the higher pH of the small intestine. However, the variable responses between animals led us to speculate suboptimal transit of antigens to the small intestine. The rate of gastric emptying is a controlling factor in the passage of oral drugs for subsequent availability in the small intestine for absorption. Whilst in humans, food delays gastric emptying, in rats, capsules can empty quicker from fed stomachs than from fasted. To test in hamsters if fasting improves the delivery of antigens to the small intestine, as inferred from the immune responses generated, 24 animals were dosed intragastrically with enteric capsules containing recombinant CD0873. Twelve hamsters were fasted for 12 h prior to each dose and the other 12 fed. Significantly higher sIgA titres, with significantly greater bacterial-adherence-blocking activity, were detected in small intestinal lavages in the fasted group. We conclude that fasting in hamsters improves intestinal delivery leading to more robust responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T06:59:04Z","timestamp":1716533944000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fasting before Intra-Gastric Dosing with Antigen Improves Intestinal Humoral Responses in Syrian Hamsters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4176-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Therapeutics Group, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Clostridia Research Group, Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6045-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Trussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Support Unit, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1219-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne L.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0269-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Therapeutics Group, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Clostridia Research Group, Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.04.008","article-title":"Current state and challenges in developing oral vaccines","volume":"114","author":"Sharpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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