{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:56Z","timestamp":1760144996335,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI138970","HHSN272201800043C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI138970","HHSN272201800043C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shigella spp. are responsible for bacillary dysentery or shigellosis transmitted via the fecal\u2013oral route, causing significant morbidity and mortality, especially among vulnerable populations. There are currently no licensed Shigella vaccines. Shigella spp. use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to invade host cells. We have shown that L-DBF, a recombinant fusion of the T3SS needle tip (IpaD) and translocator (IpaB) proteins with the LTA1 subunit of enterotoxigenic E. coli labile toxin, is broadly protective against Shigella spp. challenge in a mouse lethal pulmonary model. Here, we assessed the effect of LDBF, formulated with a unique TLR4 agonist called BECC470 in an oil-in-water emulsion (ME), on the murine immune response in a high-risk population (young and elderly) in response to Shigella challenge. Dual RNA Sequencing captured the transcriptome during Shigella infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated mice. Both age groups were protected by the L-DBF formulation, while younger vaccinated mice exhibited more adaptive immune response gene patterns. This preliminary study provides a step toward identifying the gene expression patterns and regulatory pathways responsible for a protective immune response against Shigella. Furthermore, this study provides a measure of the challenges that need to be addressed when immunizing an aging population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T11:48:50Z","timestamp":1717501730000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vaccination with a Protective Ipa Protein-Containing Nanoemulsion Differentially Alters the Transcriptomic Profiles of Young and Elderly Mice following Shigella Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ti","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murugesan","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Analytic Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3170-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debaki R.","family":"Howlader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zackary K.","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean K.","family":"Whittier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Varisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5016-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert K.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-9194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndon M.","family":"Coghill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Analytic Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy L.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, T., Das, S., Howlader, D.R., Picking, W.D., and Picking, W.L. 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