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The vaccine employed whole inactivated H1N2 SwIAV as an antigen and STING-agonist ADU-S100 as an adjuvant, with both surface adsorbed or encapsulated in mannose\u2013chitosan nanoparticles (mChit-NPs). Optimization of mChit-NPs included evaluating size, zeta potential, and cytotoxicity, with a 1:9 mass ratio of antigen to NP demonstrating high loading efficacy and non-cytotoxic properties suitable for intranasal vaccination. In a heterologous H1N1 pig challenge trial, the mChit-NP intranasal vaccine induced cross-reactive sIgA antibodies in the respiratory tract, surpassing those of a commercial SwIAV vaccine. The encapsulated mChit-NP vaccine induced high virus-specific neutralizing antibody and robust cellular immune responses, while the adsorbed vaccine elicited specific high IgG and hemagglutinin inhibition antibodies. Importantly, both the mChit-NP vaccines reduced challenge heterologous viral replication in the nasal cavity higher than commercial swine influenza vaccine. In summary, a novel intranasal mChit-NP vaccine platform activated both the arms of the immune system and is a significant advancement in swine influenza vaccine design, demonstrating its potential effectiveness for pig immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1718107860000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of Efficacy of Surface Coated versus Encapsulated Influenza Antigens in Mannose\u2013Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based Intranasal Vaccine in Swine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dina","family":"Bugybayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Schrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6139-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Dolatyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6077-0669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaitan C.","family":"Shekoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, 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