{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:52:53Z","timestamp":1788137573478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SOCK-FIP fund at the Center for Companion Animal Health at University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine","award":["2022-62-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-62-F"]}]},{"name":"SOCK-FIP fund at the Center for Companion Animal Health at University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine","award":["D23FE-302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D23FE-302"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-62-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-62-F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D23FE-302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D23FE-302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a devastating and often fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). Currently, there is no widely used vaccine for FIP, and many attempts using a variety of platforms have been largely unsuccessful due to the disease\u2019s highly complicated pathogenesis. One such complication is antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) seen in FIP, which occurs when sub-neutralizing antibody responses to viral surface proteins paradoxically enhance disease. A novel vaccine strategy is presented here that can overcome the risk of ADE by instead using a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA encoding the transcript for the internal structural nucleocapsid (N) FCoV protein. Both wild type and, by introduction of silent mutations, GC content-optimized mRNA vaccines targeting N were developed. mRNA durability in vitro was characterized by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and protein expression by immunofluorescence assay for one week after transfection of cultured feline cells. Both mRNA durability and protein production in vitro were improved with the GC-optimized construct as compared to wild type. Immune responses were assayed by looking at N-specific humoral (by ELISA) and stimulated cytotoxic T cell (by flow cytometry) responses in a proof-of-concept mouse vaccination study. These data together demonstrate that an LNP\u2013mRNA FIP vaccine targeting FCoV N is stable in vitro, capable of eliciting an immune response in mice, and provides justification for beginning safety and efficacy trials in cats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T10:41:12Z","timestamp":1719225672000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Feline Infectious Peritonitis mRNA Vaccine Elicits Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terza","family":"Brostoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah P.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5553-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin H.","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Hartigan-O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8193-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randy P.","family":"Carney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6593-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Pesavento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.09.008","article-title":"A Review of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection: 1963-2008","volume":"11","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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