{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:50:33Z","timestamp":1793170233024,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA","award":["HO_VEO-000023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HO_VEO-000023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the development of a value of vaccination (VoV) framework for health technology assessment\/cost-effectiveness analysis (HTA\/CEA), and identification of three vaccination benefits for near-term inclusion in HTA\/CEA, this final paper provides decision makers with methods and examples to consider benefits of health systems strengthening (HSS), equity, and macroeconomic gains. Expert working groups, targeted literature reviews, and case studies were used. Opportunity cost methods were applied for HSS benefits of rotavirus vaccination. Vaccination, with HSS benefits included, reduced the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) by 1.4\u201350.5% (to GBP 11,552\u2013GBP 23,016) depending on alternative conditions considered. Distributional CEA was applied for health equity benefits of meningococcal vaccination. Nearly 80% of prevented cases were among the three most deprived groups. Vaccination, with equity benefits included, reduced the ICER by 22\u201356% (to GBP 7014\u2013GBP 12,460), depending on equity parameters. Macroeconomic models may inform HTA deliberative processes (e.g., disease impact on the labour force and the wider economy), or macroeconomic outcomes may be assessed for individuals in CEAs (e.g., impact on non-health consumption, leisure time, and income). These case studies show how to assess broader vaccination benefits in current HTA\/CEA, providing decision makers with more accurate and complete VoV assessments. More work is needed to refine inputs and methods, especially for macroeconomic gains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T18:17:32Z","timestamp":1721067452000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Capturing the Value of Vaccination within Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics\u2014Practical Considerations for Expanding Valuation by Including Key Concepts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1207-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana","family":"Biundo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Building W23, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300 Wavre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariia","family":"Dronova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Putnam PHMR, 30-701 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Chicoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AC Health Consulting, Sciences Po, 75007 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0052-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Cookson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Unit, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Mark","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Building W23, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300 Wavre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Building W23, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300 Wavre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Garcia-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis P.","family":"Garrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Unit, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, 9713 AB Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Salisbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme for Global Health, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London SW1Y 4LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiral","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Building W23, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300 Wavre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shazia","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Building W23, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300 Wavre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2HZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mondher","family":"Toumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Creativ-Ceutical, 1724 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9653-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurgen","family":"Wasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Management and Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekkehard","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Building W23, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300 Wavre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jit, M., Hutubessy, R., Png, M.E., Sundaram, N., Audimulam, J., Salim, S., and Yoong, J. (2015). The broader economic impact of vaccination: Reviewing and appraising the strength of evidence. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0446-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.001","article-title":"Moving beyond traditional valuation of vaccination: Needs and opportunities","volume":"35","author":"Bloom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Steuten, L., Bell, E., and Neri, M. (2021, August 03). The Broader Value of Existing Vaccines in the Fight against COVID-19: Beware of Tunnel Vision. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohe.org\/insight\/broader-value-existing-vaccines-fight-against-covid-19-beware-tunnel-vision\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kamal-Bahl, S., Willke, R., Puckett, J.T., and Doshi, J.A. (2023, March 07). The Case for Using Novel Value Elements When Assessing COVID-19 Vaccines and Therapeutics. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/do\/10.1377\/hblog20200616.451000\/full\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-020-00228-5","article-title":"How should a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine be allocated? Health economists need to be ready to take the baton","volume":"4","author":"Roope","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon. Open"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.M.C., and Plotkin, S.A. (2020). Impact of vaccines; health, economic and social perspectives. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01526"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Brassel, S., Neri, M., and Steuten, L. (2021, August 03). Assessing the Productivity Value of Vaccines in Health Technology Assessment: Worth a Shot?. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohe.org\/news\/assessing-productivity-value-vaccines-health-technology-assessment-worth-shot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.04.050","article-title":"Capturing the value of vaccination within health technology assessment and health economics: Literature review and novel conceptual framework","volume":"40","author":"Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.04.026","article-title":"Capturing the value of vaccination within health technology assessment and health economics: Country analysis and priority value concepts","volume":"40","author":"Postma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.006","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of infant vaccination with RIX4414 (Rotarix) in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.09.004","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of 4CMenB infant vaccination in england: A comprehensive valuation considering the broad impact of serogroup b invasive meningococcal disease","volume":"24","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.165050","article-title":"Health systems strengthening, universal health coverage, health security and resilience","volume":"94","author":"Kutzin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy167","article-title":"Estimating the hospital burden of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis in England and its opportunity costs for nonadmitted patients","volume":"67","author":"Sandmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2016.06.001","article-title":"Decision rules for allocation of finances to health systems strengthening","volume":"49","author":"Morton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-017-0362-6","article-title":"Improving the hospital quality of care during winter periods by optimizing budget allocation between rotavirus vaccination and bed expansion","volume":"16","author":"Dort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3613","article-title":"Estimating the opportunity costs of bed-days","volume":"27","author":"Sandmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1029212","article-title":"Improvement in hospital Quality of Care (QoC) after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination: An evaluation study in Belgium","volume":"11","author":"Standaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2021, February 15). Improving Quality of Care for Medicare Patients: Accountable Care Organizations, Available online: https:\/\/hhinternet.blob.core.windows.net\/uploads\/2016\/08\/aco-quality-fact-sheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, February 15). Policy Brief\u2014Capacity Planning in Health Care: A Review of the International Experience. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/107883."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.08.032","article-title":"Association between strained capacity and mortality among patients admitted to intensive care: A path-analysis modeling strategy","volume":"43","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.02.025","article-title":"Association between strained ICU capacity and healthcare costs in Canada: A population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.12.010","article-title":"Early impact of rotavirus vaccination in a large paediatric hospital in the UK","volume":"93","author":"Hungerford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027739","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027739","article-title":"Do hospital pressures change following rotavirus vaccine introduction? A retrospective database analysis in a large paediatric hospital in the UK","volume":"9","author":"Heinsbroek","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Keeble, E., and Kossarova, L. (2023, February 07). Focus on: Emergency Hospital Care for Children and Young People. Available online: https:\/\/www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk\/research\/focus-on-emergency-hospital-care-for-children-and-young-people."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Whitehead, M., Dahlgren, G., and World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (2023, March 07). Levelling up (Part 1): A Discussion Paper on Concepts and Principles for Tackling Social Inequities in Health. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/107790."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000533","article-title":"Inequalities in the incidence of infectious disease in the North East of England: A population-based study","volume":"143","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, September 13). Health Equity. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/health-equity#tab=tab_3."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.11.027","article-title":"Using cost-effectiveness analysis to address health equity concerns","volume":"20","author":"Cookson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"UK Government (2023, February 07). National Statistics: English Indices of Deprivation 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2022, November 23). CDC\/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index, Available online: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/svi\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7022e1","article-title":"Patterns in COVID-19 vaccination coverage, by social vulnerability and urbanicity\u2014United States, December 14, 2020-May 1, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Barry","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez de Casadevante, V., Gil Cuesta, J., and Cantarero-Ar\u00e9valo, L. (2015). Determinants in the uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine: A systematic review based on european studies. Front. Oncol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00141"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Tuller, D. (2016). Ambulance Diversion. Health Aff. Health Policy Brief."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2022, October 20). Health Inequalities, the Financial Crisis, and Infectious Disease in Europe\u2014Technical Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/Health_inequalities_financial_crisis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Johansson, K.A., Coates, M.M., \u00d8kland, J.-M., Tsuchiya, A., Bukhman, G., Norheim, O.F., Haaland, \u00d8., Cookson, R., Griffin, S., and Norheim, O.F. (2020). Health opportunity costs. Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cookson, R., Griffin, S., Norheim, O.F., and Culyer, A.J. (2020). Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198838197.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.10.001","article-title":"Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis comes of age","volume":"24","author":"Cookson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3430","article-title":"Eliciting the level of health inequality aversion in England","volume":"26","author":"Robson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2052048","article-title":"Equity in vaccination policies to overcome social deprivation as a risk factor for invasive meningococcal disease","volume":"21","author":"Taha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"UK Department of Health and Social Care (2022, October 20). Equality Analysis\u2014Human Papillomavirus (hpv) Vaccination, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/758777\/HPV_Boys_Equality_Assessment.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2022, November 24). National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI): Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Vaccination Programs in Canada, Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/programs\/guidelines-economic-evaluation-vaccine-programs-canada-stakeholder-consultation\/guidelines-document.html."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100648","article-title":"Considering equity in priority setting using transmission models: Recommendations and data needs","volume":"41","author":"Quaife","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2018.1542520","article-title":"Estimated annual and lifetime labor productivity in the United States, 2016: Implications for economic evaluations","volume":"22","author":"Grosse","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Econ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2018.04.1828","article-title":"Time is money: Investigating the value of leisure time and unpaid work","volume":"21","author":"Verbooy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, February 15). WHO Guide to Identifying the Economic Consequences of Disease and Injury. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/137037."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100651","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19, associated behaviours and policies on the UK economy: A computable general equilibrium model","volume":"12","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-009-0210-1","article-title":"The macroeconomic impact of pandemic influenza: Estimates from models of the United Kingdom, France, Belgium and The Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.02.003","article-title":"Assessing the macroeconomic impact of a healthcare problem: The application of computable general equilibrium analysis to antimicrobial resistance","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.34196\/ijm.00026","article-title":"Linking CGE and microsimulation models: A comparison of different approaches","volume":"3","author":"Colombo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Microsimul."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Brassel, S., and Steuten, L. (2022, March 20). The Broader Value of Vaccines: The Return on Investment from a Governmental Perspective. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohe.org\/publications\/broader-value-vaccines-return-investment-governmental-perspective#."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-020-00634-0","article-title":"Which Criteria are Considered and How are They Evaluated in Health Technology Assessments? A Review of Methodological Guidelines Used in Western and Asian Countries","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462320002081","article-title":"Qualitative comparative analysis of health economic evaluation guidelines for health technology assessment in European countries","volume":"37","author":"Zisis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess Health Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.37970\/aps.v5i2.90","article-title":"Measuring area-level disadvantage in Australia: Development of a locally sensitive indicator","volume":"5","author":"Kerr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. Popul. Stud."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Multidimensional Poverty Peer Network (MPPN) (2022, November 24). Chile\u2014National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Available online: https:\/\/mppn.org\/paises_participantes\/chile\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2022, November 24). Minority Health Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), Available online: https:\/\/www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/minority-health-svi\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"World Bank Group (2023, February 06). The Economic Impact of Ebola on Sub-Saharan Africa: Updated Estimates for 2015. Available online: https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/541991468001792719\/pdf\/937210REVISED000Jan02002015000FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719588","DOI":"10.1080\/20016689.2020.1719588","article-title":"How to assess for the full economic value of vaccines? From past to present, drawing lessons for the future","volume":"8","author":"Standaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mark. Access Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610033351404","article-title":"Rotavirus infection in infants as protection against subsequent infections","volume":"335","author":"Matson","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"UK Government (2023, March 09). Rotavirus Immunisation Programme for Infants. UK Health Security Agency, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/rotavirus-vaccination-progarmme-for-infants."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Scobie, S. (2022, August 01). Snowed under: Understanding the Effects of Winter on the NHS. Available online: https:\/\/www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk\/resource\/snowed-under-understanding-the-effects-of-winter-on-the-nhs."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"NHS England (2023, February 06). Consultant-Led Referral to Treatment Waiting Times Data 2018-19, Available online: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/statistics\/statistical-work-areas\/rtt-waiting-times\/rtt-data-2018-19\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2023, February 06). National Guidance for the Restoration and Recovery of Elective Surgery in Children. Available online: https:\/\/www.rcpch.ac.uk\/resources\/national-guidance-restoration-recovery-elective-surgery-children."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2023, March 09). Recovery of Elective Surgery in Children\u2014November 2021 Guidance, Appendix and Posters. Available online: https:\/\/www.rcpch.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-06\/Recovery%20of%20elective%20surgery%20in%20children%20-%20Nov%202021%20-%20guidance%2C%20appendix%20and%20posters.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.057","article-title":"Impact of the national rotavirus vaccination programme on acute gastroenteritis in England and associated costs averted","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"UK NHS (2022, February 01). Rotavirus Immunisation Programme for Infants. UK Health Security Agency. Service Specification No. 5, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/386238\/No05_Rotavirus_Immunisation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"30106","article-title":"In-season and out-of-season variation of rotavirus genotype distribution and age of infection across 12 European countries before the introduction of routine vaccination, 2007\/08 to 2012\/13","volume":"21","author":"Hungerford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Les Mal. Transm. = Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Public Health England (2023, March 09). Laboratory Reports of Rotavirus Infections in England and Wales, by Month of Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/rotavirus-laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-rotavirus-infections-in-england-and-wales\/rotavirus-laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-rotavirus-infections-in-england-and-wales-2000-to-2013."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet) (2023, March 09). Annual Report 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.picanet.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/12\/PICANet-2019-Annual-Report-Summary_v1.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"UK Department of Health (2023, March 09). Implementation of Modified Admission MRSA Screening Guidance for NHS, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/345144\/Implementation_of_modified_admission_MRSA_screening_guidance_for_NHS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-020-00207-w","article-title":"Observational Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using Routine Data: Admission and Discharge Care Bundles for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"4","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"PharmacoEcon.-Open"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00417-X","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of national mandatory screening of all admissions to English National Health Service hospitals for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A mathematical modelling study","volume":"16","author":"Robotham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"NHS England (2023, February 06). Consultant-Led Referral to Treatment Waiting Times Data 2021-22, Available online: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/statistics\/statistical-work-areas\/rtt-waiting-times\/rtt-data-2021-22\/."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-007-9292-3","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of day-case surgery patients: A pre\/posttest survey using the EuroQoL-5D","volume":"17","author":"Suhonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2016.0175","article-title":"General paediatric surgery for patients aged under 5 years: A 5-year experience at a district general hospital","volume":"98","author":"Kwok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Gov.UK (2023, February 06). NHS Reference Costs 2009\u20132010, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/nhs-reference-costs-2009-2010."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1653-3","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections during the 2009\u20132010 winter season in Central England, UK: Incidence and patterns of multiple virus co-infections","volume":"31","author":"Tanner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.11.013","article-title":"The burden of influenza in England by age and clinical risk group: A statistical analysis to inform vaccine policy","volume":"68","author":"Cromer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"UK NHS (2022, July 13). Hospital Admitted Patient Care Activity, 2015-16: Healthcare Resource Groups, Available online: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/hospital-admitted-patient-care-activity\/2015-16#:~:text=16.3%20million%20Finished%20Admission%20Episodes,to%2049%20in%202005%2D06."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2008). Guidelines, in Respiratory Tract Infections\u2014Antibiotic Prescribing: Prescribing of Antibiotics for Self-Limiting Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults and Children in Primary Care, NICE."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X15583266","article-title":"Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Tutorial","volume":"36","author":"Asaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals SA (2021). Technical Model Specifications Report: Public Health Impact and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Bexsero (4CMenB) Used for the Active Immunisation of Infants against Invasive Meningococcal Serogroup B Disease in England, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals SA."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.007","article-title":"Modelling the impact of 4CMenB and MenACWY meningococcal combined vaccination strategies including potential 4CMenB cross-protection: An application to England","volume":"38","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900236","article-title":"Meningococcal B Vaccine and Meningococcal Carriage in Adolescents in Australia","volume":"382","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.08.004","article-title":"Results from a Well-Being Survey in the North West of England: Inequalities in EQ-5D 2013;Derived Quality-Adjusted Life Expectancy Are Mainly Driven by Pain and Mental Health","volume":"20","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv015","article-title":"Variations in Neisseria meningitidis carriage by socioeconomic status: A cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Cleary","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60842-4","article-title":"Effect of a quadrivalent meningococcal ACWY glycoconjugate or a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine on meningococcal carriage: An observer-blind, phase 3 randomised clinical trial","volume":"384","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X20935883","article-title":"Impact of Socioeconomic Differences on Distributional Cost-effectiveness Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2020). CHTE Methods Review: Modifiers, NICE. Task and Finish Group Report."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2022, July 13). Changes to NICE Drug Appraisals: What You Need to Know. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/news\/feature\/changes-to-nice-drug-appraisals-what-you-need-to-know."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2022, July 13). Consultation Paper. Value Based Assessment of Health Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/Media\/Default\/About\/what-we-do\/NICE-guidance\/NICE-technology-appraisals\/VBA-TA-Methods-Guide-for-Consultation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2021, July 15). Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg9\/chapter\/foreword."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2022, April 15). Populations by Index of Multiple Deprivation, England, 2001 to 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/populationandmigration\/populationestimates\/adhocs\/12386populationbyindexofmultipledeprivationimdengland2001to2019."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2021.100125","article-title":"Adherence to the paediatric immunisation schedule in England","volume":"9","author":"Bauwens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2023, March 09). Health State Life Expectancies by Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD 2015 and IMD 2019): England, All Ages, Available online: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/healthinequalities\/datasets\/healthstatelifeexpectanciesbyindexofmultipledeprivationimdenglandallages."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2022, April 15). Domains of Deprivation, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/467765\/File_2_ID_2015_Domains_of_deprivation.xlsx."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"HM Revenue & Customs (2022, April 15). Percentile Points from 1 to 99 for Total Income before and after Tax, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1059906\/Table_3.1a_1920.ods."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) (2018, June 11). Minute of the Meeting on Tuesday 11 and Wednesday 12 February 2014, Available online: https:\/\/app.box.com\/s\/iddfb4ppwkmtjusir2tc\/file\/229171703722."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasseter, G., Al-Janabi, H., Trotter, C.L., Carroll, F.E., and Christensen, H. (2018). The views of the general public on prioritising vaccination programmes against childhood diseases: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197374"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-58","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and socioeconomic status: Inequalities among adults with a chronic disease","volume":"12","author":"Mielck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ardanaz, B., Pel\u00e1ez-Cantero, M.J., Morales-Asencio, J.M., Vellido-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., G\u00f3mez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Le\u00f3n-Campos, \u00c1., and Guti\u00e9rrez-Rodr\u00edguez, L. (2021). Socioeconomic Factors and Quality of Life Perceived by Parents and Children with Complex Chronic Conditions in Spain. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8100931"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/7\/773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:16:56Z","timestamp":1760109416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/7\/773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12070773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12070773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]}}}