{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:43:28Z","timestamp":1783539808718,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen","award":["23\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/26"]}]},{"name":"Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen","award":["101003480-CORESMA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003480-CORESMA"]}]},{"name":"Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen","award":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"]}]},{"name":"Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen","award":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"]}]},{"name":"HORIZON Europe European Research Council","award":["23\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/26"]}]},{"name":"HORIZON Europe European Research Council","award":["101003480-CORESMA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003480-CORESMA"]}]},{"name":"HORIZON Europe European Research Council","award":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"]}]},{"name":"HORIZON Europe European Research Council","award":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"]}]},{"name":"State Ministry of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg for Economic Affairs, Labor, and Tourism","award":["23\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/26"]}]},{"name":"State Ministry of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg for Economic Affairs, Labor, and Tourism","award":["101003480-CORESMA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003480-CORESMA"]}]},{"name":"State Ministry of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg for Economic Affairs, Labor, and Tourism","award":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"]}]},{"name":"State Ministry of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg for Economic Affairs, Labor, and Tourism","award":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"]}]},{"name":"University of Oxford","award":["23\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/26"]}]},{"name":"University of Oxford","award":["101003480-CORESMA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003480-CORESMA"]}]},{"name":"University of Oxford","award":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67"]}]},{"name":"University of Oxford","award":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 3-4332.62-NMI-68"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently updated COVID-19 mRNA vaccines encode the spike protein of the omicron subvariant XBB.1.5 and are recommended for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immunosuppressive treatment. Nonetheless, their immunogenicity in patients with IBD against rapidly expanding virus variants remains unknown. This prospective multicenter cohort study is the first study to investigate the immunogenicity of XBB.1.5-adapted vaccines in patients with IBD. Systemic and mucosal antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of the omicron subvariants XBB.1.5, EG.5.1, and BA.2.86, as well as their neutralization were quantified before and two to four weeks after vaccination with monovalent XBB.1.5-adapted mRNA vaccines. Vaccination increased levels of serum anti-RBD IgG targeting XBB.1.5, EG.5.1, and BA.2.86 (1.9-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.6-fold, respectively) and enhanced corresponding neutralization responses (2.3-fold, 3.1-fold, and 3.5-fold, respectively). Following vaccination, anti-TNF-treated patients had reduced virus neutralization compared to patients on treatments with other cellular targets. 11.1% and 16.7% of patients lacked EG.5.1 and BA.2.86 neutralization, respectively; all these patients received anti-TNF treatment. At mucosal sites, vaccination induced variant-specific anti-RBD IgG but failed to induce RBD-targeting IgA. Our findings provide a basis for future vaccine recommendations while highlighting the importance of frequent booster vaccine adaptation and the need for mucosal vaccination strategies in patients with IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T18:17:32Z","timestamp":1721067452000},"page":"774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Systemic and Mucosal Immunogenicity of Monovalent XBB.1.5-Adapted COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Woelfel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"D\u00fctschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Ambulatory Services Rorschach, 9400 Rorschach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Junker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of T\u00fcbingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Leinenkugel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Digestive Healthcare Center, Clarunis, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Truniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Ambulatory Services Rorschach, 9400 Rorschach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annett","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Ambulatory Services Rorschach, 9400 Rorschach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seraina","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3133-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katline","family":"Metzger-Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Digestive Healthcare Center, Clarunis, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Oberholzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Laboratory Medicine, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Frei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Geissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"STAR SIGN Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0607-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner C.","family":"Albrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Infection Prevention, & Travel Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6902-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Hendrik","family":"Niess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Digestive Healthcare Center, Clarunis, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6785-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Schneiderhan-Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of T\u00fcbingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Dulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of T\u00fcbingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0076-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Korte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Laboratory Medicine, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus J.","family":"B\u00fcrgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Laboratory Medicine, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6","article-title":"Global 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