{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:53:02Z","timestamp":1777611182897,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Public Ministry of Labor through the Research Support and Development Foundation","award":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"]}]},{"name":"the Public Ministry of Labor through the Research Support and Development Foundation","award":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Emerging and Reemerging Viruses","award":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Emerging and Reemerging Viruses","award":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministry of Health\u2014Brazil","award":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministry of Health\u2014Brazil","award":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"]}]},{"name":"University of Queensland\u2014Australia","award":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4648 MPT\/IEC\/FADESP"]}]},{"name":"University of Queensland\u2014Australia","award":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406360\/2022-7 INCT-VER"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several technological approaches have been used to develop vaccines against COVID-19, including those based on inactivated viruses, viral vectors, and mRNA. This study aimed to monitor the maintenance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals from Brazil according to the primary vaccination regimen, as follows: BNT162b2 (group 1; 22) and ChAdOx1 (group 2; 18). Everyone received BNT162b2 in the first booster while in the second booster CoronaVac, Ad26.COV2.S, or BNT162b2. Blood samples were collected from 2021 to 2023 to analyze specific RBD (ELISA) and neutralizing antibodies (PRNT50). We observed a progressive increase in anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies in each subsequent dose, remaining at high titers until the end of follow-up. Group 1 had higher anti-RBD antibody titers than group 2 after beginning the primary regimen, with significant differences after the 2nd and 3rd doses. Group 2 showed a more expressive increase after the first booster with BNT162B2 (heterologous booster). Group 2 also presented high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Gamma and Delta variants until five months after the second booster. In conclusion, the circulating levels of anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies against the two variants of SARS-CoV-2 were durable even five months after the 4th dose, suggesting that periodic booster vaccinations (homologous or heterologous) induced long-lasting immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T14:59:50Z","timestamp":1721314790000},"page":"792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Equal Maintenance of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Induced by Heterologous and Homologous Regimens of the BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, CoronaVac and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines: A Longitudinal Study Up to the 4th Dose of Booster"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tatiana A.","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia Y.","family":"Nogami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3859-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille F.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter F. F.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla P.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Claudia S.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alana W.","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria N. O.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannifer O.","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franko A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliane L.","family":"das Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8385-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria L.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1932-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimunda S. S.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro F. C.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Par\u00e1 State, Bel\u00e9m 66087-670, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor B.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3697-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iran B.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luana S.","family":"Barbagelata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanderley D.","family":"das Chagas Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edvaldo T.","family":"da Penha Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9509-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana S.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giselle M. R.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Basic Research Laboratory, Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67000-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6640-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto A.","family":"Amarilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3205-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naphak","family":"Modhiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Watterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edvia M. 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