{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:23:47Z","timestamp":1789053827839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The problem of identifying vaccine-specific T-cell responses is still a matter of debate. Currently, there are no universal, clearly defined, agreed upon criteria for assessing the effectiveness of vaccinations and their immunogenicity for the cellular component of immunity, even for healthy people. But for patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI), especially those with antibody deficiencies, evaluating cellular immunity holds significant importance. Aim: To examine the effect of one and two doses of inactivated adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines on the expression of endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the immune cells and the primary lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Materials and methods: During 2018\u20132019, six CVID patients received one dose of a quadrivalent adjuvanted influenza vaccine; in 2019\u20132020, nine patients were vaccinated with two doses of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. The proportion of key lymphocyte subpopulations and expression levels of TLRs were analyzed using flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies. Results: No statistically significant alterations in the absolute values of the main lymphocyte subpopulations were observed in CVID patients before or after vaccination with the different immunization protocols. However, after vaccination, a higher expression of TLR3 and TLR9 in granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes was found in those patients who received two vaccine doses rather than one single dose. Conclusion: This study marks the first instance of using a simultaneous two-dose vaccination, which is associated with an elevated level of TLR expression in the immune cells. Administration of the adjuvanted vaccines in CVID patients appears promising. Further research into their impact on innate immunity and the development of more effective vaccination regimens is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T14:31:07Z","timestamp":1721917867000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Post-Vaccination Cellular Immune Response in Patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristitsa Mikhailovna","family":"Kostinova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution, Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8\/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"National Research Center Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe Shosse, 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Alexandrovna","family":"Latysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe Shosse, 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str., 1, 117513 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail Petrovich","family":"Kostinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution, Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8\/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abI.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera\u00bb, Malyi Kazenniy Pereulok, 5a, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly Kimovna","family":"Akhmatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abI.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera\u00bb, Malyi Kazenniy Pereulok, 5a, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana Anatolyevna","family":"Skhodova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abI.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera\u00bb, Malyi Kazenniy Pereulok, 5a, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Egorovna","family":"Vlasenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution, Higher Education \u201cSamara State Medical University\u201d of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Chapaevskaya Street, 89, 443099 Samara, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Petrovich","family":"Cherdantsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State-Funded Educational Institution, Higher Education \u201cUlyanovsk State University\u201d, Leo Tolstoy Street, 42, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina Leonidovna","family":"Soloveva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State-Funded Educational Institution, Higher Education \u201cUlyanovsk State University\u201d, Leo Tolstoy Street, 42, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella Abramovna","family":"Khrapunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution, Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8\/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Nikolaevna","family":"Loktionova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution, Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8\/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Federal Budget Institute of Science \u201cCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology\u201d of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, st. Novogireevskaya, 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina Alexandrovna","family":"Khromova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abI.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera\u00bb, Malyi Kazenniy Pereulok, 5a, 105064 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arseniy Alexandrovich","family":"Poddubikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution, Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8\/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00737-x","article-title":"Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2022 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"40","author":"Tangye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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