{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:31:32Z","timestamp":1787909492659,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"fizer Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the availability of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines, the incidence of TBE is increasing. To understand the historical patterns of infection, we conducted a global meta-analysis of studies before December 2023 reporting human antibody prevalence against TBEV (TBE virus) among general or high-risk population groups stratified by country, collection year, serological method, and vaccination status. Pooled data were compared within groups over time by random-effects modeling. In total, 2403 articles were retrieved; 130 articles published since 1959 were included. Data were extracted from 96 general populations (117,620 participants) and 71 high-risk populations (53,986 participants) across 33 countries. Germany had the most population groups (21), and Poland had the most participants (44,688). Seven serological methods were used; conventional IgG\/IgM ELISAs were the most common (44%). Four studies (1.7%) used NS1-ELISA serology. Between 1956\u20131991 and 1992\u20132022, anti-TBEV seroprevalence remained at ~2.75% across all population groups from \u201chigh-risk\u201d areas (p = 0.458) but decreased within general populations (1.7% to 1%; p = 0.001) and high-risk populations (5.1% to 1.3%; p &lt; 0.001), possibly due to differences in the study methodologies between periods. This global summary explores how serological methods can be used to assess TBE vaccination coverage and potential exposure to TBEV or measure TBE burden and highlights the need for standardized methodology when conducting TBE seroprevalence studies to compare across populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1722412947000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Global Seroprevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Antibodies in Humans, 1956\u20132022: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5155-6741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick H.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer US Commercial Division, New York, NY 10001-2192, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5716-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs Evidence Generation Statistics, Pfizer Global Product Development Group, Collegeville, PA 19426-3982, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-293X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Dobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, National TBEV Consultant Laboratory, 80937 Munchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Halsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, Tadworth KT20 7NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick J.","family":"Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer US Commercial Division, New York, NY 10001-2192, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Madhava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, Tadworth KT20 7NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Mo\u00efsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Antivirals Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharma Group, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23802","article-title":"Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Amicizia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. 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