{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:23Z","timestamp":1792790183566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance","award":["A-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High vaccine wastage can serve as a critical barrier to achieving the gains of vaccination, especially in a country like Nigeria, where data on vaccine wastage are sparsely available. We determined the country-wide vaccine wastage rates and their determinants through a mixed-methods study conducted across 576 health facilities (primary and secondary) in 24 states in Nigeria. We collected facility-based immunization records from June 2018 to May 2019, in addition to healthcare workers\u2019 interviews and observations of fixed and outreach sessions. The results show that open-vial wastage ranged from 21.2% (95% CI: 20.2%, 22.2%) for the pentavalent vaccine to 72.6% (95% CI: 71.5%, 73.6%) for BCG. Open-vial wastage rates for BCG, measles, and yellow fever vaccines were higher during outreach sessions, with rates of 76.2%, 64.3%, and 65.2%, respectively. For the outreach and fixed sessions, PCV and Penta had the least wastages of 22.0% for fixed sessions and 20.4% for outreach sessions. This study identified vaccine presentation (liquid vs. lyophilized vaccines), vial size (4 dose vs. 5 dose vs. 10 dose vs. 20 dose), RI service delivery strategies (fixed vs. outreach sessions), number of children vaccinated, and human resources (healthcare workers position\/cadre) as key determinants of vaccine wastages in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T09:48:54Z","timestamp":1723196934000},"page":"900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Minimizing Vaccine Wastage in Nigeria: A National Assessment of Vaccine Wastage Rates and Potential Determinants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kikelomo","family":"Lambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), 7 Ganges Street Off Alvan Ikoku Way, Abuja 900271, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Prescott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), 383 Dorchester Ave, Suite 400, Boston, MA 02127, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owens","family":"Wiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), 7 Ganges Street Off Alvan Ikoku Way, Abuja 900271, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude Adebowale","family":"Asolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), 7 Ganges Street Off Alvan Ikoku Way, Abuja 900271, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kubura","family":"Daradara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA), Abuja 900103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). 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Policy Pract."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/900\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:32:17Z","timestamp":1760110337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12080900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12080900","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]}}}