{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T19:55:51Z","timestamp":1769111751178,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA","award":["216910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216910"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 2012, universal single-dose HAV vaccination in children aged 3 years and older has been implemented in the Tyva Republic, a region of the Russian Federation. The aim of this prospective non-interventional observational single-center study was to determine the immunological and epidemiological effectiveness of single-dose vaccination against hepatitis A 9 to 11 years after its implementation. The anti-HAV IgG antibodies were determined in two independent cohorts of children who were vaccinated with a single dose of monovalent pediatric inactivated vaccine (HAVRIX\u00ae 720 EU) in Tyva in 2012 and recruited 9 years (Year 9 Cohort) and 11 years (Year 11 Cohort) after immunization. The seroprotection rates defined as anti-HAV antibody concentrations \u226510 mIU\/mL reached 99.4% (95% CI: 98.2\u201399.9% [501\/504]) in the Year 9 Cohort, but decreased significantly to 75.4% (95% CI: 73.0\u201377.6% [1006\/1335]) in the Year 11 Cohort (p &lt; 0.0001). The anti-HAV geometric mean concentrations decreased from 1446.3 mIU\/mL (95% CI: 1347.1\u20131545.4 mIU\/mL) in the Year 9 Cohort to 282.6 mIU\/mL (95% CI: 203.8\u2013360.8, p &lt; 0.0001) in the Year 11 Cohort. The HAV vaccination program resulted in zero rates of hepatitis A incidence in the Tyva Republic since 2016. However, the limited monitoring of HAV RNA in sewage and environmental samples demonstrated the ongoing circulation of both the regional epidemic strain of HAV genotype IA and another genotype IA strain imported recently from other parts of the Russian Federation, probably due to subclinical infections in non-vaccinated children under 3 years of age. Taken together, these data indicate the effectiveness of the single-dose HAV vaccination strategy but suggest the need to expand the vaccination program to include children aged 12 months and older to achieve maximum effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1723613007000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Immunological and Epidemiological Effectiveness of Pediatric Single-Dose Vaccination against Hepatitis A 9 to 11 Years after Its Implementation in the Tyva Republic, the Russian Federation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Lopatukhina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen K.","family":"Kyuregyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6013-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia A.","family":"Karlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1838-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor A.","family":"Asadi Mobarkhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7559-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya A.","family":"Potemkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera S.","family":"Kichatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Isaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyudmila Yu.","family":"Ilchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Saryglar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyzyl Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 667003 Kyzyl, Tyva Republic, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail I.","family":"Mikhailov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1242539","article-title":"Impact of universal mass vaccination with monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccines\u2014A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Stuurman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.008","article-title":"Long-term antibody persistence after vaccination with a 2-dose Havrix (inactivated hepatitis A vaccine): 20 years of observed data, and long-term model-based predictions","volume":"33","author":"Theeten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S33847","article-title":"Persistence of immunity from 1 year of age after one or two doses of hepatitis A vaccine given to children in Argentina","volume":"4","author":"Espul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.12.054","article-title":"Impact of the single-dose universal mass vaccination strategy against hepatitis A in Brazil","volume":"37","author":"Souto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1819742","article-title":"Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects\u2014A review of the evidence","volume":"17","author":"Herzog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhailov, M.I., Lopatukhina, M.A., Asadi Mobarhan, F.A., Ilchenko, L.Y., Kozhanova, T.V., Isaeva, O.V., Karlsen, A.A., Potemkin, I.A., Kichatova, V.S., and Saryglar, A.A. (2020). Universal Single-Dose Vaccination against Hepatitis A in Children in a Region of High Endemicity. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040780"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2024, March 07). Map of HDI, Russia, Available online: https:\/\/ac.gov.ru\/uploads\/2-Publications\/karta_HDI_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyuregyan, K.K., Lopatukhina, M.A., Asadi Mobarkhan, F.A., Kichatova, V.S., Potemkin, I.A., Isaeva, O.V., Karlsen, A.A., Malinnikova, E.Y., Kaira, A.N., and Kozhanova, T.V. (2022). Dynamic Changes in Hepatitis A Immunity in Regions with Different Vaccination Strategies and Different Vaccination Coverage. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091423"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.037","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune memory response 12 years following single dose vaccination against hepatitis A in Argentinian children","volume":"40","author":"Badano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13819","article-title":"Persistence of immunity against hepatitis A in Brazilian children vaccinated with a single dose of inactivated virus vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Viral. Hepat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using Effect Size-or Why the P Value Is Not Enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, March 07). The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series Module 18: Hepatitis A. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44570\/1\/9789241501422_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23378","article-title":"Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia","volume":"84","author":"Mukomolov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001322","article-title":"Single-dose Universal Hepatitis A Immunization in One-year-old Children in Argentina: High Prevalence of Protective Antibodies up to 9 Years After Vaccination","volume":"35","author":"Rearte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.048","article-title":"Duration of protection against hepatitis A for the current two-dose vaccine compared to a three-dose vaccine schedule in children","volume":"31","author":"Raczniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.11.030","article-title":"Hepatitis A antibody persistence 8 and 10 years after 1-dose and 2-dose vaccination in children from Panama","volume":"39","author":"Juliao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.023","article-title":"Evidence for positive selection of hepatitis A virus antigenic variants in vaccinated men-having-sex-with men patients: Implications for immunization policies","volume":"39","author":"Gregori","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.5","article-title":"Hepatitis A Virus Evolution and the Potential Emergence of New Variants Escaping the Presently Available Vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Costafreda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101169","article-title":"Hepatitis a virus vaccine escape variants and potential new serotype emergence","volume":"17","author":"Costafreda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.12.077","article-title":"Economic analysis of the single-dose immunization strategy against hepatitis A in Argentina","volume":"33","author":"Vizzotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200073","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720200073","article-title":"Universal hepatitis A vaccination in Brazil: Analysis of vaccination coverage and incidence five years after program implementation","volume":"23","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bierrenbach, A.L., Choi, Y., Batista, P.M., Serra, F.B., Parellada, C.I., Julian, G.S., Nakajima, K., and Moreira, T.D.N.F. (2021). The Impact of an Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine with One Dose in Brazil: A Retrospective Time-Series. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040407"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"23","article-title":"Epidemiological and molecular biological analysis of the reasons for the rise in the incidence of hepatitis A in the Republic of Tyva in 2008","volume":"3","author":"Popova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.11.005","article-title":"Evidence of hepatitis A virus circulation in central Argentina: Seroprevalence and environmental surveillance","volume":"59","author":"Yanez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120102","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus monitoring in wastewater: A complementary tool to clinical surveillance","volume":"241","author":"Fantilli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000252779","article-title":"Hepatitis A: Clinical manifestations and management","volume":"53","author":"Jeong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00461-2","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/907\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:34:22Z","timestamp":1760110462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12080907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12080907","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]}}}