{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:51:50Z","timestamp":1791312710639,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005378","name":"Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["THD-2022-20913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THD-2022-20913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine by applying a normal and high-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination program in the mice modeling of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD was induced in mouse livers via diet. At the 10-week mark, both groups were divided into 3 subgroups. While the standard dose vaccination program was applied on days 0, 7, and 21, two high-dose programs were applied: one was applied on days 0 and 7, and the other was applied on days 0, 7, and 21. All mice were euthanized. Blood samples from anti-HB titers; T follicular helper, T follicular regulatory, CD27+, and CD38+ cells; and the liver, spleen, and thymus were taken for histopathologic evaluation. NAFLD subgroups receiving high doses showed higher hepatocyte ballooning scores than normal-dose subgroup. There were differences in CD27+ and CD27+CD38+ cells in animals fed on different diets, without any differences or interactions in terms of vaccine protocols. In the NAFLD group, a negative correlation was observed between anti-HB titers and T helper and CD27+ cells, while a positive correlation was observed with CD38+ cells. NAFLD induced changes in immune parameters in mice, but there was no difference in vaccine efficacy among the applied vaccine protocols. Based on this study\u2019s results, high-dose vaccination protocols are not recommended in cases of NAFLD, as they do not enhance efficacy and may lead to increased liver damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1724658817000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of the Hepatitis-B Vaccine\u2019s Immune Response in a Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tu\u011fba","family":"K\u00fct\u00fck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology Department, Institute of Vaccinology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ankara 06500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130lyas","family":"Onba\u015filar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology Department, Institute of Vaccinology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Health Science Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Transgenic Animal Technologies Research and Application Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevil","family":"Oskay-Hala\u00e7li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berrin","family":"Babao\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3525-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selda","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9061-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0131ddika Song\u00fcl","family":"Yal\u00e7in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology Department, Institute of Vaccinology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Social Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tourkochristou, E., Assimakopoulos, S.F., Thomopoulos, K., Marangos, M., and Triantos, C. (2022). NAFLD and HBV interplay\u2014Related mechanisms underlying liver disease progression. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.965548"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"The Polaris Observatory Collaborators (2018). Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: A modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 3, 383\u2013403."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32511-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"397","author":"Powell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16595","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Prevalence of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and associated factors in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luci, C., Vieira, E., Perchet, T., Gual, P., and Golub, R. (2019). Natural Killer Cells and Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells Are New Actors in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01192"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2010.010227","article-title":"The burden of obesity on infectious disease","volume":"235","author":"Karlsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1381\/096089205774859308","article-title":"Alterations in T-cell subset frequency in peripheral blood in obesity","volume":"15","author":"Kay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea, D., Cawood, T.J., O\u2019Farrelly, C., and Lynch, L. (2010). Natural killer cells in obesity: Impaired function and increased susceptibility to the effects of cigarette smoke. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008660"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"347","article-title":"T lymphopaenia in relation to body mass index and TNF-alpha in human obesity: Adequate weight reduction can be corrective","volume":"54","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00003-8","article-title":"Immunogenicity of hepatitis B Vaccines. Implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Averhoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1590\/S1135-57271998000600004","article-title":"Factores asociados a una respuesta inadecuada a la vacunaci\u00f3n contra la hepatitis B en personal sanitario","volume":"72","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03360220053027","article-title":"Obesity as a Predictor of Poor Antibody Response to Hepatitis B Plasma Vaccine","volume":"254","author":"Weber","year":"1985","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1592","article-title":"Effect of needle length when immunizing obese adolescents with hepatitis B vaccine","volume":"125","author":"Middleman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27564","article-title":"Evaluation of a new hepatitis B triple-antigen vaccine in inadequate responders to current vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13509","article-title":"Efficacy of an accelerated double-dose hepatitis B vaccine regimen in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Pocurull","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00266-4","article-title":"Reduced immune responses to hepatitis B primary vaccination in obese individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"6","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 14). Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/255016\/9789241565455-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00290-7","article-title":"Circulating Tfh cell and subsets distribution are associated with low-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccination","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"WHO (2021, November 08). Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016\u20132021. Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/246177."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.005","article-title":"A diet-induced animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular cancer","volume":"65","author":"Asgharpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0074-z","article-title":"Characterization of a murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model induced by high fat high calorie diet plus fructose and glucose in drinking water","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834e7b4b","article-title":"Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression","volume":"28","author":"Corbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.08.002","article-title":"Neonatal hepatitis B vaccination impaired the behavior and neurogenesis of mice transiently in early adulthood","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.11.014","article-title":"Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL) Guidance Paper on Nomenclature, Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)","volume":"13","author":"Duseja","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20701","article-title":"Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Kleiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.107","article-title":"Altered or impaired immune response upon vaccination in WNIN\/Ob rats","volume":"29","author":"Bandaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2006.06.001","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety assessment of the Cuban recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults","volume":"35","author":"Betancourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.05.070","article-title":"Immunogenicity of an investigational hepatitis B vaccine with a toll-like receptor 9 agonist adjuvant (HBsAg-1018) compared with a licensed hepatitis B vaccine in subpopulations of healthy adults 18\u201370 years of age","volume":"33","author":"Janssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652008000200013","article-title":"Seroconvertion to hepatitis B vaccine after weight reduction in obese non-responder","volume":"50","author":"Dinelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28332","article-title":"Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is associated with the reduced efficacy of influenza vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20383","article-title":"Overweight and obese adult humans have a defective cellular immune response to pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus","volume":"21","author":"Paich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costanzo, A.E., Taylor, K.R., Dutt, S., Han, P.P., Fujioka, K., and Jameson, J.M. (2015). Obesity impairs \u03b3\u03b4 T cell homeostasis and antiviral function in humans. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120918"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4738","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601031","article-title":"B Cell Activity Is Impaired in Human and Mouse Obesity and Is Responsive to an Essential Fatty Acid upon Murine Influenza Infection","volume":"198","author":"Kosaraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-209841","article-title":"Bone structure and B-cell populations, crippled by obesity, are partially rescued by brief daily exposure to low-magnitude mechanical signals","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., and Nikolajczyk, B.S. (2019). Tissue Immune Cells Fuel Obesity-Associated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue and Beyond. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01587"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-010-0218-4","article-title":"Impaired dendritic cell functions disrupt antigen-specific adaptive immune responses in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"45","author":"Miyake","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Wu, L., Xie, W., Shao, Y., Jiang, J., Zhao, Z., Yan, M., Chen, Z., and Cui, D. (2017). The imbalance of Th17\/Treg cells is involved in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. BMC Immunol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-017-0215-y"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21823","article-title":"A high-fat diet and regulatory T cells influence susceptibility to endotoxin-induced liver injury","volume":"46","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2001","article-title":"Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Winer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00330-6","article-title":"The role of CD38 in HIV infection","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155209","article-title":"Coordination of early protective immunity to viral infection by regulatory T cells","volume":"320","author":"Lund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041717","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells and Human Disease","volume":"38","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance","volume":"133","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Wolf, A., van Aalst, S., Ludwig, I.S., Bodinham, C.L., Lewis, D.J., van der Zee, R., van Eden, W., and Broere, F. (2017). Regulatory T cell frequencies and phenotypes following anti-viral vaccination. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179942"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.006","article-title":"Memory of Inflammation in Regulatory T Cells","volume":"166","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004","article-title":"T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease","volume":"41","author":"Crotty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S286426","article-title":"The Role of Regulatory B Cells in Health and Diseases: A Systemic Review","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104753","article-title":"New insights into regulatory B cells biology in viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections","volume":"89","author":"Sanaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rber, N., Pohl, L., Weinberger, B., Grubeck-Loebenstein, B., Wawer, A., Knolle, P.A., Roggendorf, H., Protzer, U., and Bauer, T. (2021). Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Responders Show Higher Frequencies of CD24(high)CD38(high) Regulatory B Cells and Lower Levels of IL-10 Expression Compared to Responders. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.713351"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14763","article-title":"Regulatory B cells, A to Z","volume":"76","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12636","article-title":"Regulatory B cell phenotype and mechanism of action: The impact of stimulating conditions","volume":"62","author":"Nazimek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.005","article-title":"Regulatory B cells: Origin, phenotype, and function","volume":"42","author":"Rosser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1441653","article-title":"Levels of regulatory B cells do not predict serological responses to hepatitis B vaccine","volume":"14","author":"Bolther","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, A.B.F., Kozima, E.T., Castro, T.F., de Matos, N.A., Oliveira, M., de Souza, D.M.S., Talvani, A., de Menezes, R.C.A., Canguss\u00fa, S.D., and Bezerra, F.S. (2023). Chronic Oral Administration of Aluminum Hydroxide Stimulates Systemic Inflammation and Redox Imbalance in BALB\/c Mice. Biomed. Res. Int., 2023.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4499407"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-011-0690-1","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccine induces apoptotic death in Hepa1-6 cells","volume":"17","author":"Hamza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0627-1","article-title":"Metal Ion Imbalance-Related Oxidative Stress Is Involved in the Mechanisms of Liver Injury in a Rat Model of Chronic Aluminum Exposure","volume":"173","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01557-7","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: Mechanisms and platforms","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/934\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:40:45Z","timestamp":1760110845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12080934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12080934","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}