{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T23:35:59Z","timestamp":1778283359659,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Universitario Pr\u00edncipe de Asturias","award":["LIB 15\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIB 15\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with B-lymphocyte malignancies (BCMs) receiving B-lymphocyte-targeted therapies have increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes and impaired antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in comparison to non-hematologic oncologic patients or general population. Consequently, it is vital to explore vaccine-induced T-lymphocyte responses in patients referred for the understanding of immune protection against SARS-CoV2 infections. The objective of the present study was to analyze the recall immune responses carried out by T lymphocytes after two COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses. Methods: We enrolled 40 patients with BCMs and 10 healthy controls (HCs) after 4 weeks from the second mRNA vaccine dose. Spike (S)-specific T-lymphocyte responses were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBMCs) by intracellular IFN-\u03b3 staining combined with flow cytometry. Furthermore, the humoral response was assessed with the measurement of anti-spike antibodies. Results: From March to July 2021, 40 patients (median age 68) received mRNA vaccines. The overall antibody response for BCMs was 52.5% versus 100% for the healthy controls (p = 0.008). The antibody response was different across BCMs: 18.75% for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 54.5% for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and 92.3% for multiple myeloma. Responses varied by malignancy type and treatment, with anti-CD20 therapies showing the lowest response (6.7%). T-lymphocyte analysis revealed reduced numbers and altered differentiation stages in patients compared to the controls. However, the vaccine-induced T response was generally robust, with variations in specific T subpopulations. Conclusions: mRNA vaccines induced significant humoral and cellular immune responses in B-cell lymphoid malignancy patients, although responses varied by treatment type and malignancy. Further research is needed to optimize vaccination strategies in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12090961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T10:01:51Z","timestamp":1724666511000},"page":"961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Lymphocytes Analysis in mRNA-Vaccinated Patients with B-Cell Lymphoid Malignancies on Active Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1471-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Garc\u00eda Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Department, University Hospital \u201cPr\u00edncipe de Asturias\u201d, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Callejas Charavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Department, University Hospital \u201cPr\u00edncipe de Asturias\u201d, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Oliva Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IRYCIS Unit (Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"G\u00f3mez La Hoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IRYCIS Unit (Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2588-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IRYCIS Unit (Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Garc\u00eda Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Department, University Hospital \u201cPr\u00edncipe de Asturias\u201d, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1309-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melchor","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Mon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IRYCIS Unit (Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Monserrat Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IRYCIS Unit (Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.5148","article-title":"Evaluation of COVID-19 Mortality and Adverse Outcomes in US Patients With or Without Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006965","article-title":"Outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with CLL: A multicenter international experience","volume":"136","author":"Mato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008150","article-title":"Clinical features associated with COVID-19 outcome in multiple myeloma: First results from the International Myeloma Society data set","volume":"136","author":"Chari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26209","article-title":"Prolonged in-hospital stay and higher mortality after COVID-19 among patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with B-cell depleting immunotherapy","volume":"96","author":"Lamure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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