{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:15Z","timestamp":1787030055058,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eli Lilly"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health: Ricerca Corrente Linea 1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), an Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). Since we are observing the first MPXV outbreak outside the African continent, the general population probably does not have a pre-existing memory response for MPXV but may have immunity against the previous smallpox vaccine based on a live replicating Vaccinia strain (VACV). Using a whole blood platform, we aim to study the MPXV- T-cell-specific response in Mpox-cured subjects. Methods: We enrolled 16 subjects diagnosed with Mpox in the previous 3\u20137 months and 15 healthy donors (HD) with no recent vaccination history. Whole blood was stimulated overnight with MPXV and VACV peptides to elicit CD4 and CD8 T-cell-specific responses, which were evaluated by ELISA and multiplex assay. Results: Mpox-cured subjects showed a significant IFN-\u03b3 T-cell response to MPXV and VACV. Besides IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, IP-10, IL-8, IL-2, G-CSF, MCP-1, MIP1-\u03b1, MIP-1\u03b2, IL-1R\u03b1, and IL-5 were significantly induced after specific stimulation compared to the unstimulated control. The specific response was mainly induced by the CD4 peptides MPX-CD4-E and VACV-CD4. Conclusions: We showed that MPXV-specific responses have a mixed Th1- and Th2-response in a whole blood platform assay, which may be useful for monitoring the specific immunity induced by vaccination or infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12090964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T10:01:51Z","timestamp":1724666511000},"page":"964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of the Monkeypox Virus [MPX]-Specific Immune Response in MPX-Cured Individuals Using Whole Blood to Monitor Memory Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Petruccioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Settimia","family":"Sbarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Highly Infectious Diseases Isolation Unit, Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilda","family":"Cuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7061-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Highly Infectious Diseases Isolation Unit, Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Matusali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3662-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assunta","family":"Navarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pierelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa (UOC) Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Grifoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7013-2250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Nicastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Highly Infectious Diseases Isolation Unit, Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Goletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, September 29). 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