{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T14:02:07Z","timestamp":1784383327917,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) TBM project","award":["Master@Heart OZ7552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Master@Heart OZ7552"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) TBM project","award":["no. 11C6321N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 11C6321N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) TBM project","award":["G099222N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G099222N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","award":["Master@Heart OZ7552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Master@Heart OZ7552"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","award":["no. 11C6321N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 11C6321N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","award":["G099222N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G099222N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) project","award":["Master@Heart OZ7552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Master@Heart OZ7552"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) project","award":["no. 11C6321N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 11C6321N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) project","award":["G099222N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G099222N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanism underlying myopericarditis associated with mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, including increased susceptibility in young males, remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore the hypothesis that engaging in physical exercise at the time of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination may promote a cardiac inflammatory response, leading to the development of myopericarditis. Male BALB\/c mice underwent treadmill running or remained sedentary for five weeks. Subsequently, two doses of the Pfizer\/BioNTech vaccine or vehicle were administered with a 14-day interval, while the exercise regimen continued. The animals were euthanized days after the second vaccination. Vaccination was followed by body weight loss, increased hepatic inflammation, and an antigen-specific T cell response. Small foci of fibrovascular inflammation and focal cell loss were observed in the right ventricle, irrespective of vaccination and\/or exercise. Vaccination did not elevate cardiac troponin levels. Cardiac tissue from the vaccinated mice showed upregulated mRNA expression of the genes IFN\u03b3 and IL-1\u03b2, but not IL-6 or TNF\u03b1. This pro-inflammatory signature in the heart was not exacerbated by endurance exercise. Ex vivo vascular reactivity remained unaffected by vaccination. Our data provide evidence for the cardiac safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. The role of exercise in the development of pro-inflammatory cardiac changes post mRNA vaccination could not be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12090966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T09:26:51Z","timestamp":1724750811000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endurance Exercise Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Inflammation in BALB\/c Mice Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sander","family":"Eens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Van Hecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siel","family":"Van den Bogaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasper","family":"Favere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Cools","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Fransen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2816-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Roskams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hein","family":"Heidbuchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter-Jan","family":"Guns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD015477","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Grana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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