{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:33Z","timestamp":1760145873806,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010582","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA21765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA21765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities","award":["P30CA21765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA21765"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parvovirus B19 frequently infects children and targets cells of the erythroid lineage. Although healthy children rarely suffer severe disease, children with sickle cell disease (SCD) can experience transient red cell aplasia (TRCA), hospitalization, and life-threatening anemia upon first virus exposure. Given that children with SCD can also suffer chronic inflammation and that parvovirus B19 has been associated with autoimmune disease in other patient populations, we asked if parvovirus B19 infections contributed to acute and chronic immune abnormalities in children with SCD. Nineteen hospitalized patients with SCD and parvovirus B19\u2013induced TRCA were evaluated. Blood tests included CBC, flow cytometry, and total antibody isotype analyses. Cytokine\/chemokine analyses were performed on nasal wash (NW) samples, representing a common site of viral entry. Unusually high white blood cell count (WBC) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) values were observed in some patients. A correlation matrix with Day 0 values from the 19 patients then identified two mutually exclusive phenotype clusters. Cluster 1 included WBC, ANC, absolute reticulocyte count (ARC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), NW cytokines\/chemokines, % na\u00efve cells among B cell and T cell populations, and parvovirus-specific IgG. This cluster was negatively associated with virus load, suggesting a signature of successful adaptive immunity and virus control. Cluster 2 included virus load, % CD38+CD24\u2212 cells among CD19+ B cells (termed \u2018plasmablasts\u2019 for simplicity), % HLA-DRlow cells among CD19+ B cells, IgG4, and % memory phenotypes among B cell and T cell populations. Plasmablast percentages correlated negatively with parvovirus-specific IgG, possibly reflecting a non-specific trigger of cell activation. All patients were released from the hospital within 1 week after admission, and the highest WBC and ANC values were eventually reduced. Nonetheless, a concern remained that the acutely abnormal immune profiles caused by parvovirus B19 infections could exacerbate chronic inflammation in some patients. To avoid the numerous sequelae known to affect patients with SCD following hospitalizations with parvovirus B19, rapid development of a parvovirus B19 vaccine is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12090984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1724931217000},"page":"984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune Cell Profiles of Patients with Sickle Cell Disease during Parvovirus B19\u2013Induced Transient Red Cell Aplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"E. Kaitlynn","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon R.","family":"Penkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4439-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane S.","family":"Hankins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherri L.","family":"Surman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee-Ann","family":"Van de Velde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3073-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall T.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Hurwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030840","article-title":"Parvovirus B19","volume":"350","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"401","article-title":"Human serum parvovirus as the cause of aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease","volume":"138","author":"Kelleher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1992.02160230086025","article-title":"Transient aplastic crisis in patients with sickle cell disease. B19 parvovirus studies during a 7-year period","volume":"146","author":"Rao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216636723","article-title":"Original Research: Parvovirus B19 infection in children with sickle cell disease in the hydroxyurea era","volume":"241","author":"Hankins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20855","article-title":"Life threatening parvovirus B19 and herpes simplex virus associated acute myocardial dysfunction in a child with homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"49","author":"Krishnamurti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21605","article-title":"Fatal bone marrow embolism in a child with hemoglobin SE disease","volume":"85","author":"Rayburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80897-2","article-title":"Stroke in a cohort of patients with homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"120","author":"Balkaran","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V71.5.1448.1448","article-title":"B19 parvovirus replicates in circulating cells of acutely infected patients","volume":"71","author":"Kurtzman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Pucka, A.Q., Debats, C., Reyes, B.A., Syed, F., O\u2019Brien, A.R.W., Mehta, R., Manchanda, N., Jacob, S.A., and Hardesty, B.M. (2024). Inflammation and autoimmunity are interrelated in patients with sickle cell disease at a steady-state condition: Implications for vaso-occlusive crisis, pain, and sensory sensitivity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1288187"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penkert, R.R., Azul, M., Sealy, R.E., Jones, B.G., Dowdy, J., Hayden, R.T., Tang, L., Ross, A.C., Hankins, J.S., and Hurwitz, J.L. (2022). Hypothesis: Low Vitamin A and D Levels Worsen Clinical Outcomes When Children with Sickle Cell Disease Encounter Parvovirus B19. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163415"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penkert, R.R., Chandramouli, S., Dormitzer, P.R., Settembre, E.C., Sealy, R.E., Wong, S., Young, N.S., Sun, Y., Tang, L., and Cotton, A. (2021). Novel Surrogate Neutralizing Assay Supports Parvovirus B19 Vaccine Development for Children with Sickle Cell Disease. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080860"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3533","article-title":"Defining antigen-specific plasmablast and memory B cell subsets in human blood after viral infection or vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Ellebedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1996.tb03504.x","article-title":"A case of prolonged human parvovirus B19 DNA-emia associated with polyclonal B cell activation","volume":"38","author":"Nobutoki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06075-11","article-title":"Rapid and massive virus-specific plasmablast responses during acute dengue virus infection in humans","volume":"86","author":"Wrammert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096495","article-title":"HLA-DRhigh\/CD27high plasmablasts indicate active disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"69","author":"Jacobi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06890","article-title":"Rapid cloning of high-affinity human monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus","volume":"453","author":"Wrammert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Borstel, A., Land, J., Abdulahad, W.H., Rutgers, A., Stegeman, C.A., Diepstra, A., Heeringa, P., and Sanders, J.S. (2019). CD27(+)CD38(hi) B Cell Frequency During Remission Predicts Relapsing Disease in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Patients. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02221"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz, I., Wei, C., Jenks, S.A., Cashman, K.S., Tipton, C., Woodruff, M.C., Hom, J., and Lee, F.E. (2019). Challenges and Opportunities for Consistent Classification of Human B Cell and Plasma Cell Populations. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02458"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4321","article-title":"CD56+ monocytes have a dysregulated cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide and accumulate in rheumatoid arthritis and immunosenescence","volume":"15","author":"Krasselt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20025","article-title":"Increased subpopulations of CD16(+) and CD56(+) blood monocytes in patients with active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Grip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.6.1295","article-title":"CD56 expression is an indicator of poor clinical outcome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with simultaneous all-trans-retinoic acid and chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Ferrara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPOP7TQ3VHHKPC","article-title":"Utility of CD56 immunohistochemical studies in follow-up of plasma cell myeloma","volume":"132","author":"Harrington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000490231","article-title":"CD56 for Multiple Myeloma: Lack of CD56 May Be Associated with Worse Prognosis","volume":"140","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Acker, H.H., Capsomidis, A., Smits, E.L., and Van Tendeloo, V.F. (2017). CD56 in the Immune System: More Than a Marker for Cytotoxicity?. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.2.377.377","article-title":"Plasma cells in multiple myeloma express a natural killer cell-associated antigen: CD56 (NKH-1; Leu-19)","volume":"76","author":"Durie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-022-09269-w","article-title":"Low levels of the key B cell activation marker, HLA-DR, in COVID-19 hospitalized cases are associated with disease severity, dexamethasone treatment, and circulating IL-6 levels","volume":"70","author":"Dobi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, J., Currin, A., Griffin, B.D., Shannon-Lowe, C., Thomas, W.A., Ressing, M.E., Wiertz, E.J., and Rowe, M. (2009). The Epstein-Barr virus G-protein-coupled receptor contributes to immune evasion by targeting MHC class I molecules for degradation. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000255"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00145-09","article-title":"Pattern of serum cytokine expression and T-cell subsets in sickle cell disease patients in vaso-occlusive crisis","volume":"17","author":"Musa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol. CVI"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagant, C., Barbezange, C., Dedeken, L., Besse-Hammer, T., Thomas, I., Mahadeb, B., Efira, A., Ferster, A., and Corazza, F. (2019). Alteration of humoral, cellular and cytokine immune response to inactivated influenza vaccine in patients with Sickle Cell Disease. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223991"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.177360","article-title":"Inflammatory molecule reduction with hydroxyurea therapy in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"103","author":"Penkert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211005392","article-title":"Sickle cell vaso-occlusion: The dialectic between red cells and white cells","volume":"246","author":"Conran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S378133","article-title":"Impact of Abnormal Leukocyte Count in the Pathophysiology of Sickle Cell Anemia","volume":"13","author":"Yousif","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Blood Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1978.02120290068013","article-title":"Leukocyte counts in children with sickle cell disease. Comparative values in the steady state, vaso-occlusive crisis, and bacterial infection","volume":"132","author":"Buchanan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052522799","article-title":"Primary role for adherent leukocytes in sickle cell vascular occlusion: A new paradigm","volume":"99","author":"Turhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, S.A., Danda, N., Etzion, Z., Cohen, H.W., and Billett, H.H. (2015). Elevated Steady State WBC and Platelet Counts Are Associated with Frequent Emergency Room Use in Adults with Sickle Cell Anemia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133116"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2016.03.008","article-title":"Cytokine polymorphisms in sickle cell disease and the relationship with cytokine expression","volume":"44","author":"Pericole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00014-4","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection and autoimmune disease","volume":"2","author":"Lehmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.04.023","article-title":"Unscrambling the role of human parvovirus B19 signaling in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"72","author":"Tsay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink, K. (2012). Origin and Function of Circulating Plasmablasts during Acute Viral Infections. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00078"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1089\/088282403322396163","article-title":"Measles virus infection of rhesus macaques affects neutrophil expression of IL-12 and IL-10","volume":"16","author":"Hoffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.36290\/vnl.2022.070","article-title":"IgG4-related disease. Clinical manifestation differential diagnosis and recent International Diagnostic Criteria for IgG4-related disease","volume":"68","author":"Adam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2195627","article-title":"IgG4-related disease: Advances in pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Peyronel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1231-2","article-title":"Circulating plasmablasts\/plasma cells: A potential biomarker for IgG4-related disease","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R118","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4571","article-title":"B cell subsets and dysfunction of regulatory B cells in IgG4-related diseases and primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: The similarities and differences","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/qq9qup","article-title":"Blood biomarkers recommended for diagnosing and monitoring IgG4-related disease. Considerations from the ERN ReCONNET and collaborating partners","volume":"40","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1811(90)90133-X","article-title":"Comparison of IgG subclass autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"1","author":"Elenitsas","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidarsson, G., Dekkers, G., and Rispens, T. (2014). IgG subclasses and allotypes: From structure to effector functions. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00520"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2015-203455","article-title":"The role of parvovirus B19 in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease","volume":"69","author":"Kerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-017-0221-x","article-title":"Coexistent sickle-cell anemia and autoimmune disease in eight children: Pitfalls and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Uettwiller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1981.00340080127029","article-title":"Combined sickle cell disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia","volume":"141","author":"Chaplin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18109","article-title":"Autoimmune disease and sickle cell anaemia: \u2018Intersecting pathways and differential diagnosis\u2019","volume":"197","author":"Piccin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001985","article-title":"Autoimmune Liver Disease in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease","volume":"43","author":"Frenklak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.9.672","article-title":"Pathogenesis of human parvovirus B19 in rheumatic disease","volume":"59","author":"Kerr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1830","article-title":"The role of parvovirus B19 and the immune response in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia","volume":"25","author":"Kerr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.11.873","article-title":"Association of acute parvovirus B19 infection with new onset of acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemia","volume":"56","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70434-X","article-title":"Diverse hematologic effects of parvovirus B19 infection","volume":"43","author":"Mustafa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.2.152","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Hsu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7327","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.10.7327-7330.1996","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative responses after infection with human parvovirus B19","volume":"70","author":"Gerdes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00179-7","article-title":"Chronic autoimmune thrombopenia\/neutropenia in a boy with persistent parvovirus B19 infection","volume":"20","author":"Scheurlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(99)00038-4","article-title":"Acute parvovirus B19 infection in connection with a flare of systemic lupus erythematodes in a female patient","volume":"14","author":"Hemauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/9\/984\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:44:52Z","timestamp":1760111092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/9\/984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12090984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12090984","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}