{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:04Z","timestamp":1760145784824,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"ITALIAN MINISTRY OF HEALTH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12367807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12367807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune bullous disease, whose main autoantigens are hemidesmosomal components BP180 and BP230. Although recent studies found no association between COVID-19 vaccines and BP, since mass vaccinations started, more than 90 vaccine-associated BP cases have been reported. To find an agreement among real-life clinical observations and recent epidemiologic data, we further investigated this topic. A total of 64 patients with BP onset in 2021 were demographically, clinically, and serologically characterized: 14 (21.9%) vaccine-associated patients (VA) developed BP within 5 weeks from the first\/second vaccine dose. VA and vaccine-non-associated (VNA) patients had similar demographics and clinical and immunological characteristics. Noteworthy, the monthly distribution of BP onset during mass vaccinations paralleled vaccine administration to the elderly in the same catchment area. Additionally, in 2021, BP onsets in April\u2013May and June\u2013July significantly increased (p = 0.004) and declined (p = 0.027), respectively, compared to the three years before vaccination campaigns (2018\u20132020). Interestingly, VA and VNA patients showed statistically significant differences in the use of inhalers and diuretics. Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 vaccine may constitute an accelerating factor that, together with other triggering factors, could act in genetically predisposed individuals with possible sub-clinical autoreactivity against BP antigens, slightly accelerating BP onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T11:23:19Z","timestamp":1725535399000},"page":"1016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccine: A Potential Risk Factor for Accelerating the Onset of Bullous Pemphigoid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7172-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliciana","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biagio","family":"Didona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Diseases Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5622-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Luca","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatic Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Panebianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Direction, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Abeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6106-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Zenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18220","article-title":"Updated S2 K guidelines for the management of bullous pemphigoid initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV)","volume":"36","author":"Borradori","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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