{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:28:58Z","timestamp":1790378938372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of routine childhood immunization with the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) in a four-dose regimen (3 + 1 schedule) versus the 15-valent PCV (PCV15\/V114) in a three-dose regimen (2 + 1) in Germany. The study utilized a decision-analytic Markov model to estimate lifetime costs and effectiveness outcomes for a single birth cohort in Germany. The model tracked the incidence of acute pneumococcal infections and long-term pneumococcal meningitis sequelae for both vaccination strategies. The vaccine effectiveness data were derived from published clinical trials and observational studies of PCV7 and PCV13. Indirect effects, such as herd protection and serotype replacement, were included in the model. The model adopted a societal perspective, including direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs. Scenario and sensitivity analyses were performed. In the base case, PCV20 prevented more pneumococcal disease cases and deaths, with an expected gain of 96 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to V114. However, PCV20 was associated with a total incremental cost of EUR 48,358,424, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of EUR 503,620\/QALY. Most of the scenario and sensitivity analyses estimated that the ICER for PCV20 exceeded EUR 150,000\/QALY. Routine childhood immunization with PCV20 instead of V114 may not be an economically efficient use of healthcare resources in Germany.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1726136127000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Routine Childhood Immunization with 20-Valent versus 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica P.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elamin","family":"Elbasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Banniettis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Feemster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1215-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22341.1","article-title":"Recent advances in the epidemiology and prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections","volume":"9","author":"Feldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Reserch"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Lower Respiratory Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2024). 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