{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:55:46Z","timestamp":1790456146514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["INV-005318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-005318"]}]},{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["HQUHL2221008\/1.2.1\/68566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HQUHL2221008\/1.2.1\/68566"]}]},{"name":"Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office (FCDO)","award":["INV-005318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-005318"]}]},{"name":"Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office (FCDO)","award":["HQUHL2221008\/1.2.1\/68566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HQUHL2221008\/1.2.1\/68566"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Microarray patches (MAPs) are innovative, needle-free vaccine delivery systems, suitable for administration by minimally trained health care workers or trained community health workers. Their introduction may transform immunization programmes, particularly for vaccines where high coverage is required for population immunity, such as measles, and where vaccine delivery is challenging, such as in low- and middle-income countries. Recognizing the need to understand how best to tailor these products to reflect country priorities, workshops on measles and rubella MAPs (MR-MAPs) were conducted in multiple regions to collect insights on needs and preferences from relevant stakeholders at country level. Methods: The CAPACITI Innovation Framework was used to structure stakeholder discussions in nine countries in the period from August 2022 to July 2023. The discussions, building on the findings from a situation analysis on the barriers related to measles and rubella vaccine delivery, followed the four-step process outlined in the framework. Results: Key barriers hindering delivery of measles and rubella vaccines across the countries were in the categories of human resource management, service delivery, and demand generation. MR-MAP attributes that stakeholders believed would reduce or eliminate these barriers included ease of preparation and administration, improved thermostability, fewer (ancillary) components, and single-dose presentation. Some attributes such as the site of administration, wear time, and storage volume could exacerbate certain barriers. Based on an understanding of key barriers, product attributes, and underserved populations, stakeholders identified several potential use cases for MR-MAPs: (i) delivery at a fixed health post, (ii) delivery through outreach sessions conducted by health workers, and (iii) administration by community health workers. To enable robust national decision making about the introduction of MR-MAPs and successful implementation, global and national evidence on feasibility and acceptability of MR-MAPs should be generated. To prepare for the potential introduction of MR-MAPs, immunization programmes should evaluate their immunization policies based on their preferred use cases and modify them if needed, for example, to enable community health workers to administer vaccines, along with making programmatic adjustments to waste management and training. Conclusions: MR-MAPs have the potential to reduce key barriers to MR delivery. Yet, their future impact depends on the ability of global stakeholders to steer the development of MR-MAPs to be responsive to country needs and preferences. The generation of evidence to enable robust decision making, timely modification of vaccine policies, and addressing programmatic considerations will be key to successful uptake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T04:45:28Z","timestamp":1727066728000},"page":"1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exploring Important Attributes, the Potential Use Cases and Feasibility of Introduction of Measles and Rubella Microarray Patches (MR-MAPs): Insights from Nine Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Hasso-Agopsowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Product & Delivery Research, Department of Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dijana","family":"Spasenoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Product & Delivery Research, Department of Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten Paul Maria","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Product & Delivery Research, Department of Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balcha Girma","family":"Masresha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Preventable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (AFRO\/WHO), Harare P.O. Box CY 348, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abay Hagos","family":"Gebrekidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Ethiopia Country Office, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3069, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivi","family":"Silalahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Indonesia Country Office, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Woolford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family and Community Health-Immunization Focal Point, PAHO\/WHO Guyana Country Office, Georgetown P.O. Box 10969, Guyana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4911-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annet","family":"Kisakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Uganda Country Office, Kampala P.O. Box 24578, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8565-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Lea","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Product & Delivery Research, Department of Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Giersing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Product & Delivery Research, Department of Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7246a3","article-title":"Progress Toward Measles Elimination\u2014Worldwide, 2000\u20132022","volume":"72","author":"Minta","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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