{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:47:25Z","timestamp":1781736445144,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tunisia Ministries of Health and of High Education and Research","award":["LR20IPT02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20IPT02"]}]},{"name":"WHO Measles and Rubella Elimination Program","award":["LR20IPT02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20IPT02"]}]},{"name":"Center of Diseases Control and Prevention, CDC, USA","award":["LR20IPT02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20IPT02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the availability of an effective vaccine for several decades, the measles virus continues to spread worldwide. From 2018 to 2019, several countries experienced large measles outbreaks with genotype B3, including Tunisia. We analyzed 66 samples collected from serologically confirmed measles cases during this outbreak. Fifty-five percent were aged less than 12 months and had not received a measles vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis using the 450 nucleoprotein (N450) window revealed that all strains belonged to genotype B3, with five different variants identified. The N450 sequence of the predominant one, which circulated all through the epidemic period, was identical to the named strain MVs\/Kabul.AFG\/20.14\/3. For better molecular discrimination, the amplification and sequencing of 1018 nucleotides in the non-coding region between the M and F genes (MF-NCRs) revealed higher variability with at least nine clusters. A phylogeographic study using Bayesian methods suggested the Governorate of Kasserine (on the borders of Algeria) as the introduction point with a TMRCA (Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor) for the 2019 sequences estimated around October 2018. These findings emphasize the crucial role of advanced molecular investigations in tracing measles transmission pathways which, together with good vaccine coverage, will help the final success of the global measles elimination program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T09:15:07Z","timestamp":1727082907000},"page":"1085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case Study: Contribution of Extended Sequencing and Phylogeographic Analysis in the Investigation of Measles Outbreaks in Tunisia in 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5616-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anissa","family":"Chouikha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Reasearch Laboratory \u201cVirus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health\u201d, LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute, University Tunis El-Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Arbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oussama","family":"Souiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, Tunis Al Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henda","family":"Touzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Meddeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essia","family":"Ben Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Program of Immunization Basic Health Care Division, Ministry of Health Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahrez","family":"Yahyaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Program of Immunization Basic Health Care Division, Ministry of Health Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Ben Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Program of Immunization Basic Health Care Division, Ministry of Health Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7381-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chokri","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Program of Immunization Basic Health Care Division, Ministry of Health Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henda","family":"Triki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Reasearch Laboratory \u201cVirus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health\u201d, LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute, University Tunis El-Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Measles Virus","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Knipe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fields 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