{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:07:47Z","timestamp":1782518867201,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)","award":["EP\/R013764\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R013764\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)","award":["EP\/R013764\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R013764\/1"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["EP\/R013764\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R013764\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that causes high fetal and neonatal mortality rates in ruminants and sometimes severe to fatal complications like encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever in humans. There is no licensed RVF vaccine for human use while approved livestock vaccines have suboptimal safety or efficacy. We designed self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) RVF vaccines and assessed their humoral immunogenicity in mice. Plasmid DNA encoding the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) medium (M) segment consensus sequence (WT consensus) and its derivatives mutated to enhance cell membrane expression of the viral surface glycoproteins n (Gn) and c (Gc) were assessed for in vitro expression. The WT consensus and best-expressing derivative (furin-T2A) were cloned into a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) plasmid DNA replicon and in vitro transcribed into saRNA. The saRNA was formulated in lipid nanoparticles and its humoral immunogenicity in BALB\/c mice was assessed. High quantities of dose-dependent RVFV Gn IgG antibodies were detected in the serum of all mice immunized with either WT consensus or furin-T2A saRNA RVF vaccines. Significant RVFV pseudovirus-neutralizing activity was induced in mice immunized with 1 \u00b5g or 10 \u00b5g of the WT consensus saRNA vaccine. The WT consensus saRNA RVF vaccine warrants further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:54:17Z","timestamp":1727168057000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Lipid Nanoparticle-Formulated Self-Amplifying RNA Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Induces a Robust Humoral Immune Response in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9038-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul K.","family":"Kitandwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5684-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Nayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Blakney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul F.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pontiano","family":"Kaleebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda"},{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin J.","family":"Shattock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050493","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever","volume":"3","author":"Ikegami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001296","article-title":"Rift Valley fever: Biology and epidemiology","volume":"100","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samy, A.M., Peterson, A.T., and Hall, M. (2017). 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