{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:54Z","timestamp":1792790094879,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["1R01AI147109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI147109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The rapid production of influenza vaccines is crucial to meet increasing pandemic response demands. Here, we developed plant-made vaccines comprising centralized consensus influenza hemagglutinin (HA-con) proteins (H1 and H3 subtypes) conjugated to a modified plant virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanoparticle (TMV-HA-con). Methods: We compared immune responses and protective efficacy against historical H1 or H3 influenza A virus infections among TMV-HA-con, HA-con protein combined with AddaVax\u2122 adjuvant, and whole-inactivated virus vaccine (Fluzone\u00ae). Results: Immunogenicity studies demonstrated robust IgG, IgM, and IgA responses in the TMV-HA-con and HA-con protein vaccinated groups, with relatively low induction of interferon (IFN)-\u03b3+ T-cell responses across all vaccinated groups. The TMV-HA-con and HA-con protein groups displayed partial protection (100% and 80% survival) with minimal weight loss following challenge with two H1N1 strains. The HA-con protein group exhibited 80% and 100% survival against two H3 strains, whereas the TMV-HA-con groups showed reduced protection (20% survival). The Fluzone\u00ae group conferred 20\u2013100% survival against two H1N1 strains and one H3N1 strain, but did not protect against H3N2 infection. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that TMV-HA and HA-con protein vaccines with adjuvant induce protective immune responses against influenza A virus infections. Furthermore, our results underscore the potential of plant-based production using TMV-like nanoparticles for developing influenza A virus candidate vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T08:20:52Z","timestamp":1727338852000},"page":"1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immunity and Protective Efficacy of a Plant-Based Tobacco Mosaic Virus-like Nanoparticle Vaccine against Influenza a Virus in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adthakorn","family":"Madapong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7532-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika M.","family":"Petro-Turnquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4397-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Webby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9567-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison A.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5029-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric A.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7208a1","article-title":"Interim Estimates of 2022\u201323 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness\u2014Wisconsin, October 2022\u2013February 2023","volume":"72","author":"McLean","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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