{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:42:59Z","timestamp":1787240579955,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a major bacterial pathogen and causes a wide range of clinical infections in humans leading to severe outcomes including meningitis, endocarditis, and sepsis. This literature review examines studies on host immune responses after infections with SA and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and their immune evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, information about vaccines and immunotherapies against SA and MRSA is reviewed. We found promising toxoid vaccine approaches, which deserve further research. We also found support for antitoxin therapies and immunomodulating therapies as high-potential research areas. Although many promising vaccines and immunotherapy candidates have been studied in animal models, more human clinical studies are needed to confirm their long-term safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1727408653000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immune Responses to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Advances in the Development of Vaccines and Immunotherapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Scully","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6074-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Salim","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya 46300, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javed H.","family":"Tunio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumaila Nida Javed","family":"Tunio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00020-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-18","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular characterization, evolution, and Epidemiology","volume":"31","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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