{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T11:06:34Z","timestamp":1778411194835,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"High-level Public Health Technical Talents Construction Project","award":["Discipline Backbone-03-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discipline Backbone-03-42"]}]},{"name":"High-level Public Health Technical Talents Construction Project","award":["BJRID2024-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJRID2024-015"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases Project","award":["Discipline Backbone-03-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discipline Backbone-03-42"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases Project","award":["BJRID2024-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJRID2024-015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: During the 2022\u20132023 influenza season, the influenza activities in most regions of China were postponed, including Beijing. The unusually delayed influenza epidemic posed a challenge to the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine. Methods: Using the test-negative design, we evaluated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) during the 2022\u20132023 influenza season against influenza A-associated outpatient and emergency-department-attended influenza-like illness (ILI) in Beijing, China, from 9 January to 30 April 2023. Results: The analysis included 8301 medically attended ILI patients, of which 1342 (46.2%) had influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 1554 (53.4%) had influenza A(H3N2), and 11 (0.4%) had co-infection of the two viruses. VE against influenza A-associated ILI patients was 23.2% (95% CI: \u22126.5% to 44.6%) overall, and 23.1%, 9.9%, and 33.8% among children aged 6 months to 17 years, adults aged 18\u201359 years, and adults aged \u226560 years, respectively. VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and against influenza A(H3N2) were 36.2% (95% CI: \u22121.9% to 60.1%) and 9.5% (95% CI: \u221234.1% to 39.0%), respectively. VE of the group with vaccination intervals of 14\u201390 days (70.1%, 95% CI: \u2212145.4 to 96.4) was higher than that of the groups with a vaccination interval of 90\u2013149 days (18.7%, 95% CI: \u221242.4% to 53.6%) and \u2265150 days (21.2%, 95% CI: \u221218.8% to 47.7%). Conclusions: A moderate VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and a low VE against influenza A(H3N2) were observed in Beijing during the 2022\u20132023 influenza season, a season characterized with a delayed and high-intensity influenza epidemic. VE appears to be better within three months after vaccination. Our findings indicate a potential need for the optimization of vaccination policies and underscore the importance of continuous monitoring of influenza to enhance vaccines and optimizing vaccination timing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T04:57:28Z","timestamp":1727672248000},"page":"1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness against Influenza A-Associated Outpatient and Emergency-Department-Attended Influenza-like Illness during the Delayed 2022\u20132023 Season in Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunna","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daitao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"},{"name":"Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quanyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"},{"name":"Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.16 He Pingli Middle St, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao You\u2019anmenwai St, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chinese National Influenza Center (2024, July 29). 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