{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:43:07Z","timestamp":1769521387221,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CORPG3L0171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG3L0171"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CORPG3L0172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG3L0172"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Post-marketing surveillance is crucial for gathering data on vaccine reactogenicity, enhancing public trust in immunization, and promoting vaccine uptake. This study aims to characterize adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) and estimate the incidence rates of adverse reactions (ARs) associated with vaccines included in Taiwan\u2019s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). This study utilizes data from Taiwan\u2019s Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP). Methods: Vaccine injury claims submitted to the VICP between 2014 and 2019 were analyzed. ARs were defined as AEFIs adjudicated as \u201crelated\u201d or \u201cindeterminate\u201d by the VICP committee. Data on the annual number of vaccine doses administered were obtained from the Taiwan CDC, which helped calculate the AR incidence rates. Results: A total of 491 AEFI claims were reviewed, with 327 (66.6%) categorized as ARs. The AEFIs were mainly associated with the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine (43.4%) and the seasonal influenza vaccine (22.0%). Most EPI vaccines demonstrated low AR incidence rates, ranging from 1.68 to 13.6 per million doses, with the exception of BCG, which exhibited 162.5 ARs per million doses. Shifting BCG immunization from below 5 months to at least 5 months reduced osteomyelitis incidence significantly, from 41.4 to 7.9 (p = 0.0014), but increased abscess and lymphadenitis cases. Conclusions: EPI vaccines in Taiwan are highly safe, with minimal AR incidences in the general population. The BCG vaccine remains an exception, occasionally causing severe ARs like osteomyelitis. Adjusting the immunization schedule to an older age may mitigate some of these adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T03:36:03Z","timestamp":1727926563000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spectrum and Incidence of Adverse Reactions Post Immunization in the Taiwanese Population (2014\u20132019): An Analysis Using the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wan-Chun","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-8953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yhu-Chering","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3966-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan-Cheng","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5317-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Molecular Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.07.033","article-title":"Modeling the Impact of Vaccination for the Immunization Agenda 2030: Deaths Averted Due to Vaccination against 14 Pathogens in 194 Countries from 2021 to 2030","volume":"42","author":"Carter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00291-1","article-title":"Vaccine Injury Compensation Programs Worldwide","volume":"17","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2024, September 20). 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