{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:29:40Z","timestamp":1760146180839,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U19 AI144184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI144184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen in humans worldwide. Since chlamydial infection is largely asymptomatic with the potential for serious complications, a preventative vaccine is likely the most viable long-term answer to this public health threat. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) utilizes the cellular protein manufacturing machinery decoupled from the requirement for maintaining cellular viability, offering the potential for flexible, rapid, and decentralized production of recombinant protein vaccine antigens. Methods: Here, we use CFPS to produce the full-length putative chlamydial type three secretion system (T3SS) needle-tip protein, CT584, for evaluation as a vaccine antigen in mouse models. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) (RIBM, Tsukuba, Japan) imaging and computer simulations confirm that CFPS-produced CT584 retains a native-like structure prior to immunization. Female mice were primed with CT584 adjuvanted with CpG-1826 intranasally (i.n.) or CpG-1826 + Montanide ISA 720 intramuscularly (i.m.), followed four weeks later by an i.m. boost before respiratory challenge with 104 inclusion forming units (IFU) of Chlamydia muridarum. Results: Immunization with CT584 generated robust antibody responses but weak cell-mediated immunity and failed to protect against i.n. challenge as demonstrated by body weight loss, increased lung weights, and the presence of high numbers of IFUs in the lungs. Conclusion: While CT584 was not a protective vaccine candidate, the speed and flexibility with which CFPS can be used to produce other potential chlamydial antigens make it an attractive technique for antigen production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T03:36:03Z","timestamp":1727926563000},"page":"1134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CT584 Is Not a Protective Vaccine Antigen against Respiratory Chlamydial Challenge in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Hoang-Phou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukumar","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0865-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoli","family":"Slepenkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abisola","family":"Abisoye-Ogunniyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9413-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean F.","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Shelby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3557-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliza A.","family":"Bourguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam V.","family":"Mohagheghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4924-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Noy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Rasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"de la Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1389-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, L., Rowley, J., Vander Hoorn, S., Wijesooriya, N.S., Unemo, M., Low, N., Stevens, G., Gottlieb, S., Kiarie, J., and Temmerman, M. 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