{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T18:39:57Z","timestamp":1788115197809,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Argentina National Science and Technology Agency","award":["PICT Start-Up 2015 0804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT Start-Up 2015 0804"]}]},{"name":"Argentina National Science and Technology Agency","award":["PICT 2019 04085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2019 04085"]}]},{"name":"Argentina National Science and Technology Agency","award":["PD-I103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I103"]}]},{"name":"Argentina National Science and Technology Agency","award":["PD-I105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I105"]}]},{"name":"Argentina National Science and Technology Agency","award":["PD-I116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I116"]}]},{"name":"INTA-Ministry of Production of Santa Fe Agreement","award":["PICT Start-Up 2015 0804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT Start-Up 2015 0804"]}]},{"name":"INTA-Ministry of Production of Santa Fe Agreement","award":["PICT 2019 04085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2019 04085"]}]},{"name":"INTA-Ministry of Production of Santa Fe Agreement","award":["PD-I103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I103"]}]},{"name":"INTA-Ministry of Production of Santa Fe Agreement","award":["PD-I105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I105"]}]},{"name":"INTA-Ministry of Production of Santa Fe Agreement","award":["PD-I116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I116"]}]},{"name":"ANR of Santa Fe Province Ministry of Production","award":["PICT Start-Up 2015 0804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT Start-Up 2015 0804"]}]},{"name":"ANR of Santa Fe Province Ministry of Production","award":["PICT 2019 04085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2019 04085"]}]},{"name":"ANR of Santa Fe Province Ministry of Production","award":["PD-I103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I103"]}]},{"name":"ANR of Santa Fe Province Ministry of Production","award":["PD-I105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I105"]}]},{"name":"ANR of Santa Fe Province Ministry of Production","award":["PD-I116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-I116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Vaccines may improve the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis. However, the evaluation of experimental candidates requires the assessment of the protection, excretion, transmission and biosafety. A natural transmission trial among likely infected animals was conducted. Methods: Seventy-four male heifers were randomly distributed (five groups) and vaccinated subcutaneously with attenuated strains (M. bovis\u00a0\u0394mce2 or M. bovis \u0394mce2-phoP), a recombinant M. bovis BCG Pasteur (BCGr) or M. bovis BCG Pasteur. Then, they cohoused with a naturally infected bTB cohort under field conditions exposed to the infection. Results: A 23% of transmission of wild-type strains was confirmed (non-vaccinated group). Strikingly, first vaccination did not induce immune response (caudal fold test and IFN-gamma release assay). However, after 74 days of exposure to bTB, animals were re-vaccinated. Although their sensitization increased throughout the trial, the vaccines did not confer significant protection, when compared to the non-vaccinated group, as demonstrated by pathology progression of lesions and confirmatory tools. Besides, the likelihood of acquiring the infection was similar in all groups compared to the non-vaccinated group (p &gt; 0.076). Respiratory and digestive excretion of viable vaccine candidates was undetectable. To note, the group vaccinated with M. bovis \u0394mce2-phoP exhibited the highest proportion of animals without macroscopic lesions, compared to the one vaccinated with BCG, although this was not statistically supported. Conclusions: This highlights that further evaluation of these vaccines would not guarantee better protection. The limitations detected during the trial are discussed regarding the transmission rate of M. bovis wild-type, the imperfect test for studying sensitization, the need for a DIVA diagnosis and management conditions of the trials performed under routine husbandry conditions. Re-vaccination of likely infected bovines did not highlight a conclusive result, even suggesting a detrimental effect on those vaccinated with M. bovis BCG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T03:49:34Z","timestamp":1729136974000},"page":"1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Field Trial with Vaccine Candidates Against Bovine Tuberculosis Among Likely Infected Cattle in a Natural Transmission Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7771-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"Ferrara Mu\u00f1iz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABiMo), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9158-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABiMo), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico Carlos","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABiMo), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Garbaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patobiolog\u00eda Veterinaria (IPVet), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4120-0458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Garro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patobiolog\u00eda Veterinaria (IPVet), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Zum\u00e1rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABiMo), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odir","family":"Dellagostin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-770, R\u00edo Grande do Soul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1123-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Trangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABiMo), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jimena","family":"Marfil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda y Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos Vegetales, C\u00f3rdoba 5119, C\u00f3rdoba Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Abdala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Rafaela 2300, Santa Fe Province, 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Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Patolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza 3080, Santa Fe Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana Valeria","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABiMo), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agron\u00f3micas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amorina","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Patolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza 3080, Santa Fe Province, 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