{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:27:19Z","timestamp":1781170039484,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pertussis has re-emerged in many countries despite the wide use of vaccines for over 60 years. During 2023, we observed an increase in the incidence of pertussis in Gipuzkoa, north of Spain (with a population of 657,140 inhabitants), mainly affecting children between 11 and 15 years of age. Methods: This study included all confirmed cases diagnosed by PCR in nasopharyngeal swab samples. The genome of seven isolates collected in 2023 was sequenced. Results: Between 2018 and 2023, 884 cases of whooping cough were diagnosed. Pertussis incidence (in cases per 100,000 inhabitants) decreased from 36.7 in 2018 to no cases in 2021, increasing again to 56.8 in 2023. In 2023, the age group of 11\u201315 years old had the highest incidence rate of 409.3. Only 2 of the 56 children &lt; 6 years old required hospitalization, and there were no deaths. The seven isolates collected in 2023 showed the same BPagST-4 (ptxA1\/ptxP3\/prn2\/fim2-1\/fim3-1 allelic combination), with all of them expressing the pertactin antigen. Conclusions: Immunity waning after the last dose of vaccination at 6 years old, together with the lack of circulation of Bordetella pertussis during the COVID-19 pandemic, were probably the main reasons for the high increase in the incidence of pertussis in Gipuzkoa in 2023.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1729483029000},"page":"1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pertussis Outbreak During 2023 in Gipuzkoa, North Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2787-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Marim\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Area, Microbiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milagrosa","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Area, Microbiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3621-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahikari","family":"Vizuete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 20013 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorea","family":"Alvarez Guerrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 20013 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5879-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Hugo","family":"Aginagalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 20013 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Mir-Cros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Area, Microbiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, UPV\/EHU, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2311.170960","article-title":"Emergence of Bordetella holmesii as a Causative Agent of Whooping Cough, Barcelona, Spain","volume":"23","author":"Codina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. 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