{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T15:59:50Z","timestamp":1793721590069,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russia","award":["#121102500071\u20136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#121102500071\u20136"]}]},{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology","award":["#121102500071\u20136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#121102500071\u20136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The combined or multivalent vaccines are actively used in pediatric practice and offer a series of advantages, including a reduced number of injections and visits to the doctor, simplicity of the vaccination schedule and minimization of side effects, easier vaccine monitoring and storage, and lower vaccination costs. The practice of widespread use of the combined vaccines has shown the potential to increase vaccination coverage against single infections. The mRNA platform has been shown to be effective against the COVID-19 pandemic and enables the development of combined vaccines. There are currently no mRNA-based combined vaccines approved for use in humans. Some studies have shown that different mRNA components in a vaccine can interact to increase or decrease the immunogenicity and efficacy of the combined vaccine. Objectives. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of combining the mRNA vaccines, encoding seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. In our previous works, both vaccine candidates have shown excellent immunogenicity and efficacy profiles in mice. Methods. The mRNA-LNPs were prepared by microfluidic mixing, immunogenicity in mice was assessed by hemagglutination inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunoassay and virus neutralization assay. Immunological efficacy was assessed in a mouse viral challenge model. Results. In this work, we demonstrated that the individual mRNA components of the combined vaccine did not affect the immunogenicity level of each other. The combined vaccine demonstrated excellent protective efficacy, providing a 100% survival rate when mice were infected with the H1N1 influenza virus and reducing the viral load in the lungs. Four days after the challenge with SARS-CoV-2 EG.5.1.1., no viable virus and low levels of detectable viral RNA were observed in the lungs of vaccinated mice. Conclusions. The combination does not lead to mutual interference between the individual vaccines. We believe that such a combined mRNA-based vaccine could be a good alternative to separated human vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19 and influenza.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T09:11:47Z","timestamp":1729761107000},"page":"1206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Combined mRNA Vaccine Against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in Mice Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0701-5152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena P.","family":"Mazunina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Gushchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Ministry of Health, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2269-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniia N.","family":"Bykonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9422-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis A.","family":"Kleymenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-2059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei E.","family":"Siniavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"},{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6196-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia R.","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgenya A.","family":"Mukasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Shidlovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7399-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda A.","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Usachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir I.","family":"Zlobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena I.","family":"Burtseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9573-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman A.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis Y.","family":"Logunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N. F. 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