{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:23:15Z","timestamp":1780341795299,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prior to measles vaccine introduction in 1963, measles virus caused hundreds of thousands of annual reported cases, which led to substantial US morbidity, mortality, and costs. Similarly, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) led to highly visible and tragic lifelong disability for thousands of Americans, before rubella vaccine introduction in 1969. The US certified national virus transmission elimination of indigenous measles in 2000 and rubella in 2004. Methods: Applying an existing integrated transmission and economic model, this analysis characterizes the net benefits of US investments in measles (1963\u20132030) and rubella (1969\u20132030) immunization assuming continued high routine immunization coverage. Due to importation risks, the US maintains two doses of both vaccines in its routine immunization schedule. Results: This analysis estimates total US costs of 8.1 billion (economics reported in 2023 US dollars) for measles immunization for 1963\u20132023 and 14.1 billion for rubella immunization for 1969\u20132023. The analysis estimates an additional approximately 1.2 billion for measles immunization and 1.5 billion for rubella immunization expected for 2024\u20132030. Historical and future US investments prevented an estimated approximately 237 million measles infections, 228,000 measles deaths, 193 million rubella infections, and 166,000 CRS cases. These investments imply net benefits (from avoided treatment costs minus immunization costs) of approximately 310 billion for measles and 430 billion for rubella and CRS, even without incorporating avoided productivity losses and intangible costs. Conclusions: US investments in measles and rubella immunization continue to provide enormous savings of human and financial costs and to prevent substantial mortality and morbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T03:46:04Z","timestamp":1729827964000},"page":"1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Health and Economic Benefits of United States Investments in Measles and Rubella Control and Elimination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0849-9147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kid Risk, Inc., Orlando, FL 32819, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12459","article-title":"The costs and valuation of health impacts of measles and rubella risk management policies","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12263","article-title":"Systematic review of the manifestations of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in infants and characterization of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)","volume":"36","author":"Simons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.57.5.729-b","article-title":"A program to eradicate measles","volume":"57","author":"Sencer","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. 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