{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:18:36Z","timestamp":1791497916918,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]],"date-time":"2024-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency for SMEs","award":["S3302176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3302176"]}]},{"name":"Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency for SMEs","award":["HI22C0607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C0607"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["S3302176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3302176"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["HI22C0607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C0607"]}]},{"name":"SUNJE Co., Ltd. (SUNJAE-PNU Industry-Academic Cooperation)","award":["S3302176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3302176"]}]},{"name":"SUNJE Co., Ltd. (SUNJAE-PNU Industry-Academic Cooperation)","award":["HI22C0607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C0607"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging viral diseases, including seasonal illnesses and pandemics, pose significant global public health risks. Respiratory viruses, particularly coronaviruses and influenza viruses, are associated with high morbidity and mortality, imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens. This review focuses on the current landscape of respiratory viruses, particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2, and their antiviral treatments. It also discusses the potential for pandemics and the development of new antiviral vaccines and therapies, drawing lessons from past outbreaks to inform future strategies for managing viral threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1730088902000},"page":"1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Combating Emerging Respiratory Viruses: Lessons and Future Antiviral Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palaniyandi","family":"Muthukutty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanobio Convergence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanobio Convergence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8875-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Young","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanobio Convergence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ryan, E.T., Hill, D.R., Solomon, T., Aronson, N.E., and Endy, T.P. (2020). 33\u2014Viral Respiratory Infections. Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Elsevier. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.004","article-title":"Respiratory Virus Infections: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Subbarao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00535-6","article-title":"Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"19","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd9149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9149","article-title":"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"373","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.01.001","article-title":"Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans","volume":"28","author":"Kutter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012420-022445","article-title":"Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections","volume":"7","author":"Moriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Liu, W.J., Jia, N., Richardson, S., and Huang, C. (2023). Viral respiratory infections in a rapidly changing climate: The need to prepare for the next pandemic. EBioMedicine, 93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104593"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, S., Harder, T.C., Schwemmle, M., and Ciminski, K. (2021). Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events\u2014Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112250"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, M.M., Turku, S., Lehrfield, L., and Shoman, A. (2023). The Impact of Human Activities on Zoonotic Infection Transmissions. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101646"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escudero-P\u00e9rez, B., Lalande, A., Mathieu, C., and Lawrence, P. (2023). Host\u2013Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030599"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinek, H.F., Mousa, M., Alefishat, E., Osman, W., Spence, I., Bu, D., Feng, S.F., Byrd, J., Magni, P.A., and Sahibzada, S. (2021). Evolution, Ecology, and Zoonotic Transmission of Betacoronaviruses: A Review. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.644414"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelwhab, E.M., and Mettenleiter, T.C. (2023). Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040980"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820979843","article-title":"Reverse Zoonosis of COVID-19: Lessons From the 2009 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"58","author":"Kuiken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00652-2","article-title":"Ecology, evolution and spillover of coronaviruses from bats","volume":"20","author":"McKee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68874","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68874","article-title":"Evolution of pathogen tolerance and emerging infections: A missing experimental paradigm","volume":"10","author":"Seal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuse, Y., and Oshitani, H. (2020). Viruses That Can and Cannot Coexist With Humans and the Future of SARS-CoV-2. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.583252"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihaescu, G., Chifiriuc, M.C., Iliescu, C., Vrancianu, C.O., Ditu, L.-M., Marutescu, L.G., Grigore, R., Berte\u0219teanu, \u0218., Constantin, M., and Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G. (2020). SARS-CoV-2: From Structure to Pathology, Host Immune Response and Therapeutic Management. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101468"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2539-x","article-title":"Influenza virus-related critical illness: Pathophysiology and epidemiology","volume":"23","author":"Kalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2071_20","article-title":"Viral Pandemics in the Past Two Decades: An Overview","volume":"10","author":"Bhadoria","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftaa046","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa046","article-title":"The past, present and future of RNA respiratory viruses: Influenza and coronaviruses","volume":"78","author":"Makarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160imi\u010di\u0107, P., and \u017didovec-Lepej, S. (2023). A Glimpse on the Evolution of RNA Viruses: Implications and Lessons from SARS-CoV-2. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010001"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., Zhang, Z., Zhao, S., and Gao, R. (2023). A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076369"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105217","article-title":"Threat, challenges, and preparedness for future pandemics: A descriptive review of phylogenetic analysis based predictions","volume":"98","author":"Behl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29012","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29012","article-title":"Epidemic history and evolution of an emerging threat of international concern, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"95","author":"Giovanetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00603-0","article-title":"The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness","volume":"53","author":"Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"46","article-title":"Influenza: A virus of our times","volume":"79","author":"McCaughey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ulster Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S306441","article-title":"Understanding the Molecular Biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Alsobaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.12.003","article-title":"Biology of COVID-19 and related viruses: Epidemiology, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Kaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Influenza: A Seasonal and Pandemic Disease","volume":"42","author":"Moghadami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S305","article-title":"Influenza: The once and future pandemic","volume":"125","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12575","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and severity of influenza infections by virus type, subtype, and lineage: A systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Caini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038711","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038711","article-title":"Human Susceptibility to Influenza Infection and Severe Disease","volume":"11","author":"Mettelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1408.001","article-title":"Biology of Influenza A Virus","volume":"1102","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, D., Revol, R., \u00d6stbye, H., Wang, H., and Daniels, R. (2018). Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01581"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, W., Li, X., Goraya, M.U., Wang, S., and Chen, J.L. (2017). Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081650"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafa, A., Abdelwhab, E.M., Mettenleiter, T.C., and Pleschka, S. (2018). Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090497"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0141","article-title":"Influenza Virus: Dealing with a Drifting and Shifting Pathogen","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"Kratzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-022-04077-4","article-title":"The Emergence of Omicron: Challenging Times Are Here Again!","volume":"89","author":"Singhal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-022-01767-5","article-title":"The World Health Organization COVID-19 surveillance database","volume":"21","author":"Allan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Aleem, A., Akbar Samad, A.B., and Vaqar, S. (2024). Emerging Variants of SARS-CoV-2 and Novel Therapeutics against Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27717","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level","volume":"94","author":"Chavda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202000786","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202000786","article-title":"TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells","volume":"3","author":"Bestle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40142-020-00197-5","article-title":"Decoding COVID-19 with the SARS-CoV-2 Genome","volume":"9","author":"Ellis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Genet. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01581-z","article-title":"SARS coronavirus 2: From genome to infectome","volume":"21","author":"Rastogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brant, A.C., Tian, W., Majerciak, V., Yang, W., and Zheng, Z.-M. (2021). SARS-CoV-2: From its discovery to genome structure, transcription, and replication. Cell Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00643-z"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104026","article-title":"Targeting furin, a cellular proprotein convertase, for COVID-19 prevention and therapeutics","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01087-8","article-title":"Animal models for COVID-19: Advances, gaps and perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-08193-4","article-title":"Interactions of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD): A structural perspective","volume":"50","author":"Borkotoky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6497","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS01170G","article-title":"Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells and antibodies: Experiment and simulation","volume":"52","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejoy, J., Williams, C.I., Cole, H.J., Manzoor, S., Davoodi, P., Battaile, J.I., Kaushik, A., Nikolaienko, S.I., Brelidze, T.I., and Gychka, S.G. (2023). Effects of spike proteins on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 748.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barthe, M., Hertereau, L., Lamghari, N., Osman-Ponchet, H., and Braud, V.M. (2023). Receptors and Cofactors That Contribute to SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Can Skin Be an Alternative Route of Entry?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076253"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa Dos Santos, J., Ximenes Rabelo, M., Mattana Sebben, L., de Souza Carneiro, M.V., Bosco Lopes Botelho, J., Cardoso Neto, J., Nogueira Barbosa, A., Monteiro de Carvalho, D., and Pontes, G.S. (2023). Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in the Nasal Mucosa of Eight Patients with Inflammatory Rhinopathy for over 80 Days following Mild COVID-19 Diagnosis. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040899"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30193-4","article-title":"Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory tract and conjunctiva: An analysis in ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures","volume":"8","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01462-5","article-title":"The pathophysiology of \u2018happy\u2019 hypoxemia in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Dhont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220051","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0051-2022","article-title":"Respiratory viruses: Their importance and lessons learned from COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Cilloniz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit725","article-title":"The Natural History of Influenza Infection in the Severely Immunocompromised vs Nonimmunocompromised Hosts","volume":"58","author":"Memoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.009","article-title":"The duration of infectiousness of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"81","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, H.-E., and Rha, M.-S. (2024). Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the Respiratory Tract. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020113"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed-Hassan, H., Sisson, B., Shukla, R.K., Wijewantha, Y., Funderburg, N.T., Li, Z., Hayes, D., Demberg, T., and Liyanage, N.P.M. (2020). Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01979"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4864","article-title":"Pathogenic potential of interferon \u03b1\u03b2 in acute influenza infection","volume":"5","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12902","article-title":"Sessile alveolar macrophages communicate with alveolar epithelium to modulate immunity","volume":"506","author":"Westphalen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00302-6","article-title":"The role of dendritic cells in the innate immune system","volume":"2","author":"Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Liu, S., Goraya, M.U., Maarouf, M., Huang, S., and Chen, J.-L. (2018). Host Immune Response to Influenza A Virus Infection. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00320"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawasaki, T., Ikegawa, M., and Kawai, T. (2022). Antigen Presentation in the Lung. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.860915"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.12.008","article-title":"Severe respiratory viral infections: T-cell functions diverging from immunity to inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Yunis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3166","article-title":"Regulating the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Braciale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000468","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000468","article-title":"T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murdaca, G., Paladin, F., Tonacci, A., Isola, S., Allegra, A., and Gangemi, S. (2021). The Potential Role of Cytokine Storm Pathway in the Clinical Course of Viral Respiratory Pandemic. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111688"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Lan, Z., Ye, J., Pang, L., Liu, Y., Wu, W., Qin, X., Guo, Y., and Zhang, P. (2021). Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.589095"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00713-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Lamers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"Bushmaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2010.10.001","article-title":"High infectivity and pathogenicity of influenza A virus via aerosol and droplet transmission","volume":"2","author":"Teunis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110343","article-title":"Transmission and infection risk of COVID-19 when people coughing in an elevator","volume":"238","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031704","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0041596","article-title":"Probability of COVID-19 infection by cough of a normal person and a super-spreader","volume":"33","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids (1994)"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2014.03.023","article-title":"Animal models for influenza virus pathogenesis, transmission, and immunology","volume":"410","author":"Thangavel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16036","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: SARS-CoV-2 stool testing and the potential for faecal-oral transmission","volume":"52","author":"Meijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00416-6","article-title":"Potential intestinal infection and faecal\u2013oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104972","article-title":"Molecular and biological characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from human fecal samples","volume":"93","author":"Coyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_255_20","article-title":"SARS-CoV2 in Different Body Fluids, Risks of Transmission, and Preventing COVID-19: A Comprehensive Evidence-Based Review","volume":"11","author":"Vegunta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"465","article-title":"Influenza A (H1N1)","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Near, A.M., Tse, J., Young-Xu, Y., Hong, D.K., and Reyes, C.M. (2022). Burden of influenza hospitalization among high-risk groups in the United States. BMC Health Serv. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08586-y"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.2c00181","article-title":"Association of COVID-19 with Comorbidities: An Update","volume":"6","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics3020008","article-title":"A Review on the Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariant on Elderly Patients with Diverse Co-Morbidities","volume":"3","author":"Khadela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26990","article-title":"A brief review of influenza virus infection","volume":"93","author":"Javanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091894","article-title":"Contagious period for pandemic (H1N1) 2009","volume":"16","author":"Rouleau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504","article-title":"The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application","volume":"172","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e16028","article-title":"Uncommon Presentation of COVID-19 With Long Incubation Period and Only Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Fully Vaccinated Patient: Is There a Relation?","volume":"13","author":"Radhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038695","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038695","article-title":"The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Legacy","volume":"10","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Worldometer, D. (2024, October 24). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-023-09352-1","article-title":"The effectiveness of vaccination, testing, and lockdown strategies against COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Fritz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00542-7","article-title":"Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis and host responses in the respiratory tract","volume":"19","author":"Flerlage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2021.07.005","article-title":"Influenza Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Recent Innovations in Antiviral Therapy and Relevance to Primary Care Practice","volume":"5","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc. Innov. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.07.006","article-title":"Antivirals for COVID-19: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Frediansyah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105499","article-title":"Influenza antivirals and their role in pandemic preparedness","volume":"210","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/363418a0","article-title":"Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication","volume":"363","author":"Wu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015awierczy\u0144ska, M., Mirowska-Guzel, D.M., and Pindelska, E. (2022). Antiviral Drugs in Influenza. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053018"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2023.100083","article-title":"Influenza A virus and its antiviral drug treatment options","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq015","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir: An oral antiviral for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in diverse populations","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis352","article-title":"Peramivir use for treatment of hospitalized patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 under emergency use authorization, October 2009\u2013June 2010","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis351","article-title":"Emergency use authorization for intravenous peramivir: Evaluation of safety in the treatment of hospitalized patients infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus","volume":"55","author":"Sorbello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107512","article-title":"Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections","volume":"209","author":"Shiraki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.2.191","article-title":"Zanamivir: An influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor","volume":"3","author":"Colman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0981-8","article-title":"Peramivir: A Review in Uncomplicated Influenza","volume":"78","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.01.006","article-title":"Baloxavir marboxil: The new influenza drug on the market","volume":"35","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2021.1880568","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a therapeutic target for COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Vicenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115292","article-title":"Potential RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors as prospective drug candidates for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"252","author":"Bekheit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-021-00651-0","article-title":"Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis","volume":"28","author":"Kabinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106870","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir Treatment for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"62","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00909","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.909","article-title":"Molnupiravir: A new candidate for COVID-19 treatment","volume":"10","author":"Pourkarim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03312-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection is effectively treated and prevented by EIDD-2801","volume":"591","author":"Wahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02428-20","article-title":"Human Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Molnupiravir, a Novel Broad-Spectrum Oral Antiviral Agent with Activity Against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"65","author":"Painter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"100165","article-title":"Mechanism of action of favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2: Mutagenesis or chain termination?","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000595","article-title":"Tackling COVID-19 Using Remdesivir and Favipiravir as Therapeutic Options","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S330743","article-title":"Ribavirin Treatment for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","article-title":"Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: An open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"395","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.12.005","article-title":"Potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors","volume":"26","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S3285","article-title":"Lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of HIV-1 infection: A review","volume":"4","author":"Chandwani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loos, N.H.C., Beijnen, J.H., and Schinkel, A.H. (2022). The Mechanism-Based Inactivation of CYP3A4 by Ritonavir: What Mechanism?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179866"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01692-5","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir Plus Ritonavir: First Approval","volume":"82","author":"Lamb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/futurepharmacol3010006","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibitors: Achieved Diversity, Developing Resistance and Future Strategies","volume":"3","author":"Fischer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01819-20","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals Characterizes 3CL<sup>pro<\/sup> Inhibitor PF-00835231 as a Potential New Treatment for COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Vries","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2021.02.001","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma for Infectious Diseases: Historical Framework and Use in COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Ripoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 with Convalescent Plasma","volume":"323","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6448","article-title":"Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of COVID-19: Perspectives of the National Institutes of Health COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel","volume":"174","author":"Pau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16863","article-title":"Efficacy of early transfusion of convalescent plasma with high-titer SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"62","author":"Sanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033700","article-title":"Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults","volume":"384","author":"Libster","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Focosi, D., Franchini, M., Pirofski, L.A., Burnouf, T., Paneth, N., Joyner, M.J., and Casadevall, A. (2022). COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma and Clinical Trials: Understanding Conflicting Outcomes. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 35.","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00200-21"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Z., Zhang, Z., Ma, H., Shao, S., Kang, H., and Tong, Z. (2022). The efficiency of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.964398"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00311-5","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody therapies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Focosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.10.020","article-title":"Real-World Evidence of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Preventing Hospitalization and Mortality in COVID-19 Outpatients","volume":"163","author":"Wynia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2021). An EUA for Bamlanivimab-A Monoclonal Antibody for COVID-19. JAMA, 325, 880\u2013881.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.24415"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"(2020). An EUA for casirivimab and imdevimab for COVID-19. Med. Lett. Drugs Ther., 62, 201\u2013202."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101102","article-title":"Casirivimab-Imdevimab treatment is associated with reduced rates of hospitalization among high-risk patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease-19","volume":"40","author":"Razonable","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01620-z","article-title":"Casirivimab\/Imdevimab: First Approval","volume":"81","author":"Deeks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0202","article-title":"Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"325","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32253-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of REGEN-COV antibody combination in preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Hayek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.04.396","article-title":"Real-world evaluation of bebtelovimab effectiveness during the period of COVID-19 Omicron variants, including BA.4\/BA.5","volume":"132","author":"Molina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liew, M.N.Y., Kua, K.P., Lee, S.W.H., and Wong, K.K. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody bebtelovimab\u2014A systematic scoping review and meta-analysis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1100263"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00542-x","article-title":"Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79639","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.79639","article-title":"Exploratory data on the clinical efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern","volume":"11","author":"Mazzaferri","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01926-0","article-title":"Remdesivir: A Review in COVID-19","volume":"83","author":"Blair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01684-5","article-title":"Molnupiravir: First Approval","volume":"82","author":"Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"2118","article-title":"FDA Grants Full Approval to Paxlovid, COVID-19 Antiviral Treatment","volume":"329","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01690-7","article-title":"Sotrovimab: First Approval","volume":"82","author":"Heo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02039-y","article-title":"Ensitrelvir Fumaric Acid: First Approval","volume":"84","author":"Syed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00134","article-title":"Deuremidevir and Simnotrelvir-Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00577-7","article-title":"Oral VV116 versus placebo in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in China: A multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7","article-title":"A guide to vaccinology: From basic principles to new developments","volume":"21","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21523","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: Current challenges and future approaches","volume":"98","author":"Torres","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01301-0","article-title":"Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases","volume":"27","author":"Excler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-06","article-title":"Emerging respiratory viruses: Challenges and vaccine strategies","volume":"19","author":"Subbarao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy745","article-title":"New Vaccine Design and Delivery Technologies","volume":"219","author":"Kanekiyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brisse, M., Vrba, S.M., Kirk, N., Liang, Y., and Ly, H. (2020). Emerging Concepts and Technologies in Vaccine Development. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583077"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1627","article-title":"Development Times and Approval Success Rates for Drugs to Treat Infectious Diseases","volume":"107","author":"DiMasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic","volume":"38","author":"Prompetchara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01744-7","article-title":"The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4596","article-title":"Towards effective COVID-19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)","volume":"46","author":"Calina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.032","article-title":"Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges","volume":"479\u2013480","author":"Minor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.77299","article-title":"Fundamentals of vaccine immunology","volume":"3","author":"Clem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghattas, M., Dwivedi, G., Lavertu, M., and Alameh, M.G. (2021). Vaccine Technologies and Platforms for Infectious Diseases: Current Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121490"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elveborg, S., Monteil, V.M., and Mirazimi, A. (2022). Methods of Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Viruses for Molecular, Serology or Vaccine Development Purposes. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020271"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC03892H","article-title":"Peptide-based synthetic vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Skwarczynski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vartak, A., and Sucheck, S.J. (2016). Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers. Vaccines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4020012"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.11.68","article-title":"Subunit vaccines of the future: The need for safe, customized and optimized particulate delivery systems","volume":"2","author":"Foged","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"71","article-title":"DNA immunization as an efficient strategy for vaccination","volume":"1","author":"Bolhassani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, B., Lim, J.M., Yu, B., Song, S., Neeli, P., Sobhani, N., K, P., Bonam, S.R., Kurapati, R., and Zheng, J. (2024). The next-generation DNA vaccine platforms and delivery systems: Advances, challenges and prospects. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1332939"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozak, M., and Hu, J. (2024). DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010071"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.03.007","article-title":"Gene-based vaccines: Recent technical and clinical advances","volume":"12","author":"Ulmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01579-1","article-title":"mRNA vaccines in disease prevention and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01311-z","article-title":"mRNA vaccine: A potential therapeutic strategy","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutikuppala, L.V.S., Kourampi, I., Kanagala, R.S.D., Bhattacharjee, P., and Boppana, S.H. (2024). Prospects and Challenges in Developing mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases and Oncogenic Viruses. Med. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12020028"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2014.901308","article-title":"Nucleic acid vaccines: Prospects for non-viral delivery of mRNA vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Deering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00283-5","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: Principles, delivery and clinical translation","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x","article-title":"A history of influenza","volume":"91","author":"Potter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smyk, J.M., Szyd\u0142owska, N., Szulc, W., and Majewska, A. (2022). Evolution of influenza viruses\u2014Drug resistance, treatment options, and prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012244"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: A modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders-Hastings, P.R., and Krewski, D. (2016). Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission. Pathogens, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5040066"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coletti, P., Poletto, C., Turbelin, C., Blanchon, T., and Colizza, V. (2018). Shifting patterns of seasonal influenza epidemics. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30949-x"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-010720-021049","article-title":"Influenza Virus: Tracking, Predicting, and Forecasting","volume":"42","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.319","article-title":"The pathogenesis of influenza in humans","volume":"11","author":"Zambon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasten-Jolly, J., and Lawrence, D.A. (2024). Cellular and Molecular Immunity to Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1671.v1"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuwarda, R.F., Alharbi, A.A., and Kayser, V. (2021). An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091032"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4529","article-title":"Advances in the development of influenza virus vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Krammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2074","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2074","article-title":"Inactivation methods for whole influenza vaccine production","volume":"29","author":"Sabbaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, L., Ping, J., Lopes, T.J.S., Fan, S., Presler, R., Neumann, G., and Kawaoka, Y. (2023). Development of an Enhanced High-Yield Influenza Vaccine Backbone in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081364"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, J., Chambers, B.S., Hensley, S.E., and L\u00f3pez, C.B. (2016). Propagation and Characterization of Influenza Virus Stocks That Lack High Levels of Defective Viral Genomes and Hemagglutinin Mutations. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00326"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddback, I.E.M., Pedersen, L.M.I., Pedersen, S.R., Steffensen, M.A., Holst, P.J., Thomsen, A.R., and Christensen, J.P. (2016). Combined local and systemic immunization is essential for durable T-cell mediated heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20137"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00097-12","article-title":"Traditional and new influenza vaccines","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002664","article-title":"Seasonal FluMist vaccination induces cross-reactive T cell immunity against H1N1 (2009) influenza and secondary bacterial infections","volume":"186","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz583","article-title":"Early induction of cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses in tonsils after live-attenuated influenza vaccination in children","volume":"221","author":"Mohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/08828240260066242","article-title":"Principles underlying the development and use of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A and B virus vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.102.3.728","article-title":"Biologic and immunologic characteristics of cold-adapted influenza virus","volume":"102","author":"Maassab","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2009.02.014","article-title":"FluBlok, a next generation influenza vaccine manufactured in insect cells","volume":"37","author":"Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2017.11.002","article-title":"Adventitious viruses in insect cell lines used for recombinant protein expression","volume":"144","author":"Geisler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6803a1","article-title":"Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2019\u20132020 influenza season","volume":"68","author":"Grohskopf","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00227-x","article-title":"Recombinant HA-based vaccine outperforms split and subunit vaccines in elicitation of influenza-specific CD4 T cells and CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses in humans","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.15.75","article-title":"Recombinant hemagglutinin protein vaccine: A new option in immunization against influenza","volume":"10","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25722","article-title":"Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1423152","article-title":"Models for predicting the evolution of influenza to inform vaccine strain selection","volume":"14","author":"Agor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-020-00571-3","article-title":"From COVID-19 research to vaccine application: Why might it take 17\u2009months not 17\u2009years and what are the wider lessons?","volume":"18","author":"Hanney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Res. Policy Syst."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"(2022, December 02). Approved Vaccines. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.trackvaccines.org\/vaccines\/approved\/#vaccine-list."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24418","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24418","article-title":"An overview on inactivated and live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines","volume":"36","author":"Khoshnood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.38","article-title":"Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: Merits, risks and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Delrue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"WHO (2024, March 28). WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30831-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.8565","article-title":"Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"326","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176066","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2176066","article-title":"Side effects following first dose of COVID-19 vaccination in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30843-4","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18\u201359 years: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2 clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2024.100361","article-title":"Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BBV152 (COVAXIN\u00ae) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELD\u2122) in seronegative and seropositive individuals in India: A multicentre, nonrandomised observational study","volume":"22","author":"Asokan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health-Southeast Asia"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01161-5","article-title":"Inactivated whole-virion vaccine BBV152\/Covaxin elicits robust cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern","volume":"7","author":"Vikkurthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zasada, A.A., Darli\u0144ska, A., Wiatrzyk, A., Wo\u017anica, K., Formi\u0144ska, K., Czajka, U., G\u0142\u00f3wka, M., Lis, K., and G\u00f3rska, P. (2023). COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091786"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordeychuk, I.V., Kozlovskaya, L.I., Siniugina, A.A., Yagovkina, N.V., Kuzubov, V.I., Zakharov, K.A., Volok, V.P., Dodina, M.S., Gmyl, L.V., and Korotina, N.A. (2023). Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Whole Virion COVID-19 Vaccine CoviVac in Clinical Trials in 18\u201360 and 60+ Age Cohorts. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091828"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2012.0076","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of monomeric and trimeric recombinant SARS coronavirus spike protein subunit vaccine candidates","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Zhu, H., Wang, X., Jing, B., Li, Z., Xia, X., Sun, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, W., and Shi, L. (2020). Adjuvants for Coronavirus Vaccines. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.589833"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103055","article-title":"Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant","volume":"384","author":"Shinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20653-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102587","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Sanofi\/GSK (VidPrevtyn Beta) and Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty Original\/Omicron BA.4-5) bivalent vaccines against hospitalisation in England","volume":"71","author":"Kirsebom","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00263-1","article-title":"Efficacy of a bivalent (D614 + B.1.351) SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine with AS03 adjuvant in adults: A phase 3, parallel, randomised, modified double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Dayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Maruggi, G., Shan, H., and Li, J. (2019). Advances in mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00594"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echaide, M., Chocarro de Erauso, L., Bocanegra, A., Blanco, E., Kochan, G., and Escors, D. (2023). mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Advantages and caveats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065944"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01480-7","article-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: First Approval","volume":"81","author":"Lamb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027906","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates","volume":"383","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02183-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"398","author":"Tartof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2209177","article-title":"Safety outcomes associated with the moderna COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273): A literature review","volume":"22","author":"Shabu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bull, J.J., Nuismer, S.L., and Antia, R. (2019). Recombinant vector vaccine evolution. PLoS Comput. Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006857"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, P.C.H., Ng, W.H., King, N.J., and Mahalingam, S. (2022). Can live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contribute to stopping the pandemic?. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010821"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.02.063","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Comirnaty and the Vaxzevria vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among residents in Lazio region (Italy)","volume":"40","author":"Fano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105290","article-title":"Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"385","author":"Falsey","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.04.401","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness of primary and booster COVID-19 vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Netherlands from July 12, 2021 to June 6, 2022: A prospective cohort study","volume":"133","author":"Huiberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002083","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2002083","article-title":"A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna & Johnson & Johnson","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: An interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia","volume":"397","author":"Logunov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00191-4","article-title":"Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective","volume":"397","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundstrom, K. (2024). COVID-19 Vaccines: Where Did We Stand at the End of 2023?. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.0471.v1"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elrashdy, F., Redwan, E.M., and Uversky, V.N. (2020). Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0076.v1"},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"162","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: Immune escape, transmission and fitness","volume":"21","author":"Carabelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170236","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170236","article-title":"Preparing for the next viral threat with broad-spectrum antivirals","volume":"133","author":"Karim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01908-x","article-title":"Programmable antivirals targeting critical conserved viral RNA secondary structures from influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"28","author":"Hagey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100058","article-title":"Host directed therapies: COVID-19 and beyond","volume":"2","author":"Tripathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Z., Shen, C., and Peng, J. (2023). Status and Developing Strategies for Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in the Omicron Era of COVID-19. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061297"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101533","article-title":"Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Implications on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity","volume":"55","author":"Mengist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Low, Z.Y., Farouk, I.A., and Lal, S.K. (2020). Drug Repositioning: New Approaches and Future Prospects for Life-Debilitating Diseases and the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091058"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabidi, N.Z., Liew, H.L., Farouk, I.A., Puniyamurti, A., Yip, A.J.W., Wijesinghe, V.N., Low, Z.Y., Tang, J.W., Chow, V.T.K., and Lal, S.K. (2023). Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040944"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04788-w","article-title":"Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk","volume":"607","author":"Carlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii25","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad309","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 genomics and impact on clinical care for COVID-19","volume":"78","author":"Hultquist","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03792-w","article-title":"After the pandemic: Perspectives on the future trajectory of COVID-19","volume":"596","author":"Telenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2020.100042","article-title":"Global impacts of pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: Focus on socio-economic consequences","volume":"1","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, W.G. (2021). Impact of virus genetic variability and host immunity for the success of COVID-19 vaccines. Biomed. Pharmacother., 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111272"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00773-0","article-title":"Outlook of pandemic preparedness in a post-COVID-19 world","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2023.100050","article-title":"Surveillance and response strategies for zoonotic diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Sharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. One Health"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/11\/1220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:21:35Z","timestamp":1760113295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/11\/1220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"references-count":256,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12111220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12111220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]}}}