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However, our understanding of the immune responses to infection and vaccination in MM patients is limited. To gain more detailed insights into infection- and vaccine-elicited T cell immunity in MM, we studied the CD8+ T cell response on the single-epitope level in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and mRNA-vaccinated MM patients. Methods: We compared peptide\/MHC class I tetramer-enriched SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells and antibody responses in MM patients (convalescent: n = 16, fully vaccinated: n = 5, vaccinated convalescent: n = 5) and healthy controls (HCs) (convalescent: n = 58, fully vaccinated: n = 7) either after infection with SARS-CoV-2 alone, complete mRNA vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection and single-shot mRNA vaccination (hybrid immunity). Results: MM patients have lower frequencies and a lower proportion of fully functional virus-specific CD8+ T cells compared to HCs, after both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. CD8+ T cell memory subset distribution in MM patients is skewed towards reduced frequencies of central memory (TCM) T cells and higher frequencies of effector memory 1 (TEM1) T cells. In contrast, the humoral immune response was comparable in both cohorts after viral clearance. Notably, CD8+ T cell frequencies as well as the humoral immune response were improved by a single dose of mRNA vaccine in convalescent MM patients. Conclusions: MM patients have relative immunological deficiencies in SARS-CoV-2 immunity but benefit from hybrid immunity. These findings underline the relevance of vaccinations in this vulnerable patient group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T11:53:43Z","timestamp":1730462023000},"page":"1249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impaired SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD8+ T Cells After Infection or Vaccination but Robust Hybrid T Cell Immunity in Patients with Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7969-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Shoumariyeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, a Partnership Between DKFZ and University Medical Center Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Csernalabics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elahe","family":"Salimi Alizei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Reinscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Giese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5397-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Ciminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Kochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schwemmle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Lang-Meli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natascha","family":"Roehlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7026-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Karl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Graeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oezlem","family":"Sogukpinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, 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79098 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Boettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Neumann-Haefelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7182-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Luxenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.107714","article-title":"Multiple myeloma and infections: A population-based study on 9253 multiple myeloma patients","volume":"100","author":"Blimark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2016.06.006","article-title":"Vaccination in Multiple Myeloma: Review of Current Literature","volume":"16","author":"Alemu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCachren, S.S., Dhodapkar, K.M., and Dhodapkar, M.V. (2021). Co-evolution of Immune Response in Multiple Myeloma: Implications for Immune Prevention. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632564"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.116772","article-title":"Efficacy of single versus boost vaccination against influenza virus in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"100","author":"Hahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00275-9","article-title":"Functional antibody and T cell immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including by variants of concern, in patients with cancer: The CAPTURE study","volume":"2","author":"Fendler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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